UPDATED 2024 Biology Major Field Test Study Set WITH SOLUTIONS

4 Biomolecules and Monomers - ANSWER Protein (amino acids) Carbohydrates (simple sugars) Lipids (glycerol and fatty acids) Nuclei acids (nucleotides)" dipeptides - ANSWER two amino acids bonded together what is the general fatty acid formula - ANSWER CH3(CH2)nCOOH where n= an even number between 12 and 24 explain identifying saturated vs. unsaturated fats - ANSWER saturated: only single bonds in hydrocarbon chain... unsaturated: one or more double bonds glycerides - ANSWER glycerol and 3 fatty acids Levels of Protein Structure - ANSWER 1. order of amino acids 2. alpha-helices or beta- pleated sheets 3. bonding b/w a.a. side chains 4. multi-subunit structure nucleotide is composed of - ANSWER phosphate group; sugar group; nitrogenous base Vmax - ANSWER maximum reaction rate at which point substrate is saturated with enzyme Feedback Inhibition - ANSWER end-product of enzyme catalyzed rxn. blocks original enz. Competitive Inhibition - ANSWER molecules compete with substrate for enzyme's active sites irreversible inhibitors - ANSWER chemically and covalently bind to active site; rendering it permanently inactive psuedoirreversible inhibitors - ANSWER extremely high affinities for active site; hard to displace noncompetitive inhibitors - ANSWER do not compete for active site but act elsewhere on enz.; altering 3D shape photosynthesis - ANSWER anabolic process that converts sunlight into energy stored in the phosphate bonds of ATP, then more permanently stored in bonds of organic carbon compounds electron transport chain - ANSWER series of carrier molecules on the inner mitochondrial membrane which pass electrons through enzymes that pump protons to one side of the membrane, creating a proton gradient chemiosmosis - ANSWER the use of a gradient, such as a proton gradient, to generate energy. The ATP synthase enzyme uses the kinetic movement of protons down the gradient to store energy by converting ADP to ATP ATP - ANSWER Adenosine tri phosphate, a modified nucleotide that stores energy in it's phosphate bonds. fermentation - ANSWER glycolysis and the additional steps leading to the formation of ethanol or lactic acid, to make ATP. It does not include the Kreb's cycle (producing CO2) or the ETC. occluding/tight junctions - ANSWER nothing can diffuse between cells or past junction anchoring junctions - ANSWER physical joining so cells do not shear away communicating junctions - ANSWER gap junctions are formed by proteins called connexins that allow for undisrupted and very fast signal transmission plasmodesmata - ANSWER plant cells' equivalent of gap junctions G-actin - ANSWER globular monomer F-actin - ANSWER long filament microtubules - ANSWER cellular conveyor belts microtubule assoc. proteins - ANSWER attach to tubulin on one end and cargo on the other dyneins: pull to center kinesins: outside" 9+2 structure - ANSWER 9 prs microtubules surrounding 2 central microtubules for stability (structure of cilia&flagella) basal bodies - ANSWER microtubule triplets; anchor cilia/flagella; foundation for new microtubules centrioles - ANSWER anchor microtubules growing into mitotic spindle intermediate filaments - ANSWER thin fibers wound together in tight coils; membrane stability proto-oncogenes - ANSWER normal genes involved in control of cell growth/division oncogenes - ANSWER mutations occur and no longer maintain control over a particular aspect of growth density-dependent inhibition - ANSWER normal cells able to suppress growth when near other cells alleles - ANSWER different forms of a gene homozygous/heterozygous - ANSWER homo: 2 copies of same allele; hetero: one dom.; one rec. dominance - ANSWER only one dom. needed for phenotype to be present segregation - ANSWER 2 alleles for given trait seperate during meiosis independent assortment - ANSWER genes for one trait separate independent of genes for another trait incomplete dominance - ANSWER single dom. allele cannot produce full phenotype; see blending codominance - ANSWER 2 different alleles both show up in phenotype epistasis - ANSWER second gene determines if first gene is expressed or not mitochondrial inheritance - ANSWER all genes present in mitochondria come from mother genomic imprinting - ANSWER certain alleles are encoded differently depended on which parent allele comes from triple repeat extension - ANSWER number of repeats increases with each generation transformation - ANSWER bacteria picks up free DNA conjugation - ANSWER cytoplasmic extensions between bacterial cells allow movement of plasmids