INS3003 Final Exam Study Guide Graded A+

What should you know about the Destructiveness of Nuclear Weapons? What is Firebombing?What is the daisy cutter? - Answer-Nuclear Weapons are supposed to be destructive, that's the point. Out ability to kill has increased; weapons have become more powerful and precise. Before, incendiary devices, or devices design to light fires was were used in WWII to increase the capacity to kill. Firebombs were used in Dresen, Hamburg, and Tokyo to kill hundreds of people. The Daisy cutter is a trigger set on a bomb that allows the bomb to go off before impact, therefore making it more destructive - with a larger blast zone. What is the battlefield utility of nuclear weapons? - Answer-Tactical Nuclear weapons have battlefield utility in the sense that they are more precise with heavy impact. Smaller nuclear weapons do not destroy entire cities but we still do not use them. What is the moral argument against nuclear weapons? - Answer-The moral argument can firstly be seen in the long lasting effects of nuclear weapons. They are Potentially worse than the fire bombing because the radiation aspect causes damage to be caused even after the war is over. This can be demonstrated in as US Citizens were asked right after WWII if they agreed with using the atomic bomb against Japan, and 80% of them said YES. Initially, the US public were still supporting the use of the atomic bomb. As time went on, there was a strong reaction AGAINST nuclear weapons. The norm became non-use of nuclear weapons. Instead, they were used as deterrence. The new global norm of none use meant that any democracy to use the, would be an international criminal, as audience costs outweigh any good for the state. What is Nuclear Taboo? - Nina Tannenwald - Answer-Nina Tannenwald claims it is taboo to even mention using nuclear weapons. Because even when states have issues and tensions begin to rise, you still don't threaten the use of nuclear weapons. This is due to the extreme/large norm of non-use, thus making it "taboo". An example of this can be seen as General Douglas MacArthur wanted to use nuclear weapons, but Truman said no and fired him after he persisted. What is the Tragedy of Hiroshima and Nagasaki? - Answer-When bombing Japan, the USA chose Hiroshima and Nagasaki in particular because they had not been bombed yet; we wanted to observe the damage that would occur. The Impact death toll for Hiroshima was 70,000 with a mushroom cloud over the city. There were shadows burned into the walls and by December, 1945, the death toll had risen to 140,000. By 1950, the death toll had risen to 200,000 Those who survived, survived horrifically. Clothes burned into skin; face scarred beyond recognition. Women who had babies later were horrifically deformed. Dogs and cats were being born and you couldn't even tell what species they were because they were so deformed. Intelligence levels of affected populations went down significantly . The people realized that this bomb wasn't just a bomb, but a bombof radiation. This is a large reason why the non-use norm developed in 1950. Biological (1972) and Chemical Weapons (1993) Treaties - Answer-Biological and Chemical weapons are also considered to have an immoral element to them. They kill non-selectively and are not conventional weapons. The Biological Weapons treaty banned biological weapons in 1972 and The Chemical Weapons Convention banned chemical weapons in 1993. The countries who commit to these treaties were committing to destroy their biological and chemical weapons. This is a slow process, because it is hard to destroy these weapons in a safe way. Disarmament or Deterrence - Answer-There are 2 very different approaches to handling nuclear weapons. People ask, Should we get rid of nuclear weapons, and disarm? Or should we use them for purposes of deterrence? Nevertheless, Nuclear powers refused to even consider disarming, so it came down to not using these weapons and using them for deterrence. In the beginning of the Cold War, it was the goal to get as many nuclear weapons as we could, as quickly as we could until the 1960s where there was an extreme build up of nuclear weapons. We then started considering protective strategies because both sides had massive amounts of nuclear weapons and deterrence became the method of use later on. Arms Control History - Overview - Answer-There was a shift in thinking from "frantic buildup" to "arms control" in 1960s. This was never about disarmament—this was about, at some point, limiting the buildup and matching capabilities with the enemy. Consequently, "Balance of Capabilities" was the goal for nations in conflict because equally balanced powers can off-set each other. A balance of capabilities when considering going to war, means that it is too risky to go to war, so the conflict will not occur. Part of this idea was achieving mutual vulnerability. MAD to MAP - Answer-Mutual vulnerability factored into Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD). A maintained vulnerability means reducing defensive capabilities. Both the USA and Soviet Union did this because they both had second strike capabilities and a nuclear triad. So, If we could attack them but know they could hit us back, how likely would we be to initiate the first strike? Not at all. The nuclear war is the "suicidal" war; nobody is going to win, nobody is going to survive. It is assured that if the war starts, both countries are destroyed. The strategy of MAD provided deterrence so that neither side waswilling to initiate the war. After a long series of nuclear treaties after MAD there were more talks and tensions were eased. The focus was now on reducing arms which paved way for Mutually Assured Protection (MAP)/ MAP reduced the number of nuclear weapons, but increased our defensive capabilities.Arms Treaties and Dates - Answer-1963 - Partial Test Ban Treaty - limits testing nuclear weapons in order to preserve the environment 1968 - NPT 1968 - SALT I -Strategic Arms Limitation Talk; limiting the development of nuclear weapons. 1972 - ABM Treaty - Anti-Ballistic Missile treaty, result of SALT I. It called for us to limit development and production of Inter-continental Ballistic Missiles (ICBM) -We weren't limiting the ICBMs, but the INTERCEPTORS that would get rid of them if they were shot over here. Played directly into MAD because weakened our defensive capabilities. **1972 Biological Weapons Treaty & 1993 Chemical Weapons Convention 1979 - SALT II - talks about limiting our development of nuclear weapons and limiting development of new ICBMs. This was not ratified by Congress. 1996 - Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty - No nuclear testing AT ALL 1990s on - START (1991, 1993, 1997, 2000s) - Strategic Arms Reduction ---- led way for MAP