Counseling theories, Comprehensive exam Questions with Correct and Verified Answers

Counseling theories, Comprehensive exam Questions with Correct and Verified Answers Which one of the following is not considered an experiential and relationship-oriented therapy? a. Gestalt therapy b. family systems therapy c. existential approach d. person-centered approach - Correct answer b. family systems therapy" "Which one of the following is not associated with the cognitive-behavioral action-oriented therapies? a. existential therapy b . cognitive therapy c. reality therapy d. behavior therapy e. rational emotive behavior therapy - Correct answer a. existential therapy" "Which humanistic approach emphasizes the basic attitudes of the therapist as the core of the therapeutic process? a. psychoanalytic therapy b. Adlerian therapy c. person-centered therapy d. cognitive-behavioral therapy e. family therapy - Correct answer c. person-centered therapy" "Presenting one model to which all trainees subscribe a. is what the counseling profession endorses at present. b. is likely to be a reality by the year 2020 when the CACREP standards are revisited. c. is dangerous in that it can limit their effectiveness in working with a diverse range of future clients. d. is illegal in the Northeastern region of the U.S., but not in other parts of the country. - Correct answer c. is dangerous in that it can limit their effectiveness in working with a diverse range of future clients." "The author makes a case for: a. initially getting an overview of the major theoretical orientations, and then delving more deeply into each approach. b. delving deeply into one approach initially and then taking a superficial look at other theoretical models. c. learning the theories of counseling only after starting to work with clients in order to make the theories more relevant. d. the reader to choose the approach to which s/he subscribes. - Correct answer a. initially getting an overview of the major theoretical orientations, and then delving more deeply into each approach." "Which of the following statements about theories or models of counseling/ psychotherapy is true? a. Extensive research has shown that certain popular models of psychotherapy are ''wrong." b. There is a clear place for theoretical pluralism in our society. c. Accepting the validity of one model implies rejecting the validity of other models. d. Theoretical pluralism has been frowned on by several major professional organizations. - Correct answer b. There is a clear place for theoretical pluralism in our society." "What type of factors oftentimes limit our freedom of choice? a. social b. environmental c. cultural d. biological e. all of these - Correct answer e. all of these" "Which of these statements about interventions is true? a. It is helpful to use one type of intervention with most clients. b. During the course of an individual's therapy, different interventions may be needed at different times. c. lt is best to require clients to adapt to your approach to counseling and the interventions that you are skilled at using. d. You should only use counseling interventions when you are certified or licensed. - Correct answer b. During the course of an individual's therapy, different interventions may be needed at different times." "Which approach was developed during the 1940s as a nondirective reaction against psychoanalysis? a. person-centered therapy b. family system therapy c. Adlerian therapy d. reality therapy e. cognitive therapy - Correct answer a. person-centered therapy" "Francesca, a cognitive behavioral therapist, likes to give homework assignments to her clients. What might her rationale be for doing this? a. Homework can be a vehicle for assisting her clients in putting into action what they are learning in therapy. -b. By assigning homework to her clients, she establishes her clear authority over them (as if she is their teacher). c. She is probably a novice therapist who is insecure about her skills; thus, by assigning homework, she may feel like she is being more productive. d. In order to be reimbursed by insurance companies, Francesca is required to give her clients homework assignments. - Correct answer a. Homework can be a vehicle for assisting her clients in putting into action what they are learning in therapy." "Which of the following statements best describes the author's view of the medical model? a. Corey appreciates the focus on psychopathology and believes it gives clinicians the tools to assess what's wrong with clients. B. A focus on the medical model restricts therapeutic practice because it stresses deficits rather than strengths. c. The medical model emphasizes strengths and competencies rather than psychopathology. d. The medical model is especially relevant for culturally diverse client populations. - Correct answer a. Corey appreciates the focus on psychopathology and believes it gives clinicians the tools to assess what's wrong with clients." "A comprehensive approach to counseling: A. Goes beyond focusing on our internal dynamics and addresses those environmental and systemic realities that influences us. b. Focuses almost exclusively on the client's internal dynamics. c. focuses primarily on the therapist's internal reactions to the client's behavior. d. focuses only on systemic factors. - Correct answer A. Goes beyond focusing on our internal dynamics and addresses those environmental and systemic realities that influences us." "It is especially important for counselors who work with culturally diverse client populations to: a. be aware of their own cultural heritage. b. have a broad base of counseling techniques that can be employed with flexibility. c. consider the cultural context of their clients in determining what interventions are appropriate. d. examine their own assumptions about cultural values. e. all of these - Correct answer e. all of these" "According to the text, research shows that counselor values influence: a. therapy goals. b. assessment strategies. c. treatment outcome. d. all of these e. none of these - Correct answer d. all of these" "Clients place more value on than on---:-------- a. the personality of the therapist; the specific techniques used. b. the specific techniques used; the personality of the therapist. c. the therapist's theoretical orientation; the quality of the services being provided. d. the aesthetics of the therapeutic setting; the personality of the therapist. - Correct answer a. the personality of the therapist; the specific techniques used." "With regard to the role of counselors' personal values in therapy, it is appropriate for counselors to: a. teach and persuade clients to act the right way. b. maintain an indifferent, neutral, and passive role by simply listening to everything the client reports. c. avoid challenging the values of clients. d. avoid the imposition of their values, yet expose their values to clients. - Correct answer d. avoid the imposition of their values, yet expose their values to clients." "During an initial session, an adolescent girl tells you that she is pregnant and is considering an abortion. Which of the following would be the most ethical and professional causes for you to follow? a. Encourage her to get the abortion as soon as possible, without exploring any other option. b. Steer her toward having her baby and then consider adoption for her baby. c. Suggest that she go to church and pray about her situation. d. Help her to clarify the range of her choices in light of her own values. - Correct answer d. Help her to clarify the range of her choices in light of her own values." "Culturally encapsulated counselors would be most likely to: a. depend entirely on their own internalized value assumptions about what is good for people; b. have an appreciation for a multicultural perspective in their counseling practice. c. recognize the cultural dimensions their clients bring to therapy. d. accept clients who have a different set of assumptions about life. - Correct answer a. depend entirely on their own internalized value assumptions about what is good for people;" "You are working with an ethnic minority client who is silent during the initial phase of counseling. This silence is probably best interpreted as: a. resistance. B. manifestation of uncooperative behavior. c. a response consistent with his or her cultural context d. a clear sign that counseling will not work. - Correct answer c. a response consistent with his or her cultural context" "Which of the following is not considered essential knowledge for a culturally competent counselor? A. knowing how to analyze transference reactions b. understanding the impact of oppression and racist concepts c. being aware of culture-specific methods of helping d. being aware of institutional barriers that prevent minorities from making full use of counseling services in the community - Correct answer A. knowing how to analyze transference reactions" "Essential components of effective multicultural counseling include all of the following except: a. Counselors avoid becoming involved in out-of-office interventions. B. Counselors feel comfortable with the client's values and believe c. Counselors are aware of how their own biases could affect ethnic minority clients. d. Counselors employ institutional intervention skills on behalf of their clients when necessary or appropriate. - Correct answer a. Counselors avoid becoming involved in out-of-office interventions." "In working with culturally diverse clients, it helps to understand and assess: a. what these clients expect from counseling. b. the degree of acculturation that has taken place. c. the attitudes these clients have about seeking counseling for their personal problems. d. the messages they received from their culture about asking for professional help. e. all of these - Correct answer e. all of these" "Which of the following is not a method of increasing effectiveness in working with diverse client populations? A. Learn about how your own cultural background has influenced your thinking and behaving. B. Realize that practicing from a multicultural perspective would probably make your job very difficult. C. Be flexible in applying techniques with clients. d. Identify your basic assumptions pertaining to diversity. e. Pay attention to the common ground that exists among people of diverse backgrounds. - Correct answer B. Realize that practicing from a multicultural perspective would probably make your job very difficult." "The _______________________________ factors the alliance, the relationship, the personal and interpersonal skills of the therapist, client agency, and extra-therapeutic factors-are the primary determinants of therapeutic outcome. a. logistical b. contextual c. psychodynamic d. technical - Correct answer b. contextual" "In becoming an ethical practitioner, a crucial task is to: a. learn how to arrive at clear-cut answers for difficult situations. b. identify a specific ethical code as the source of answers to ethical dilemmas. c. learn how to interpret and apply ethical codes to an ethical dilemma. d. avoid making any mistakes in counseling practice. e. discover the correct solution for every ethical dilemma that might arise. - Correct answer c. learn how to interpret and apply ethical codes to an ethical dilemma." "According to the text, the challenge of providing informed consent consists of: a. telling clients about the nature of confidentiality. b. striking a balance between giving clients too much and too little information about the therapeutic process. c. convincing clients that counselors know what they are doing. d. teaching clients about state laws that pertain to counseling. e. getting clients to read the ethical codes of the profession. - Correct answer b. striking a balance between giving clients too much and too little information about the therapeutic process." "Many ethical codes state that dual or multiple relationships: a. should be avoided whenever possible. b. are clearly grounds for revocation of one's professional license. c. are helpful in case of counseling one's friends or relatives. d. are impossible to avoid. e. always result in serious harm to the client. - Correct answer a. should be avoided whenever possible." "Privileged communication does not apply to a. group counseling b. couples counseling c. family therapy d. child and adolescent therapy e. all of these. - Correct answer e. all of these." "Confidentiality must be breached and information must be reported by practitioners when: a. clients pose a danger to others. b. a child under the age of 16 is the victim of incest, rape, or child abuse. c. an older adult is being abused. d. the therapist determines that the client needs immediate, involuntary hospitalization. e. all of these - Correct answer e. all of these" "Under what circumstances should a therapist consult with colleagues or specialists? a. when a client complains of physical symptoms b. when facing an ethical problem c. when working with a client for an extended period of time and losing objectivity d. all of these - Correct answer d. all of these" "Both feminist therapists and post-modem therapists tend to view diagnosis as it is traditionally done: a. as an appropriate part of counseling sessions. b. as generally helpful to women clients. c. as an essential part of the medical model they follow. d. as often oppressive and ignoring of societal contexts. - Correct answer d. as often oppressive and ignoring of societal contexts." "According to the text, positive ethics is a practice in which counselors: a. do what is mandated by professional standards. b. base their ethical decisions on what is best for their clients rather than minimum standards of care. c. strive for the highest level of ethical practice. d. strictly adhere to lengthy ethics codes, even if this is not in the client's best interest. - Correct answer b. base their ethical decisions on what is best for their clients rather than minimum standards of care." "During her sessions, Justine questions whether she is trying to meet her clients' needs or her own needs. Justine is: a. being overly analytical. b. engaging in meaningful self-reflection and self-assessment as a professional. c. self-absorbed and insecure. d. behaving unethically since she is preoccupied during her clients ' sessions. - Correct answer b. engaging in meaningful self-reflection and self-assessment as a professional." "Assessment is a useful method of: a. evaluating a client's current level of functioning. b. forming a case conceptualization. c. involving the client as an active participant in treatment. d. gaining insight into the client's subjective world. e. all of these. - Correct answer e. all of these." "Evidenced-based practices are not: a. based on psychodynamic principles. b. tailored to address specific problems and symptoms. c. founded on empirical research. d. generally time limited. - Correct answer a. based on psychodynamic principles." "___________ is the view of ethical practice that deals with the minimum level of professional practice. a. Mandatory ethics b. Minimal ethics c. Positive ethics d. Aspirational ethics - Correct answer a. Mandatory ethics" "Evidence suggesting the concept of the unconscious includes: a. dreams. b. post-hypnotic suggestions. c. free-association. d. all of these. e. direct observation based on experimental research. - Correct answer d. all of these." "A person who unconsciously exhibits overly nice behavior to conceal hostile feelings is probably using which ego defense? a. displacement b. reaction formation c. introjection d. projection e. regression - Correct answer b. reaction formation" "One of the most important Freudian concepts, which consists of pushing unacceptable life events and painful feelings in to the unconscious, is: a. repression. b. regression. c. displacement. d. rationalization. e. projection. - Correct answer a. repression." "The ego defense mechanism in which a person exhibits behavior that clearly shows signs of reverting to less mature stages is ? a. fixation b. rationalization c. regression d. introjection e. reaction formation - Correct answer c. regression" "Attributing to others the qualities or traits that are unacceptable to our own ego is best described as: a. displacement. b. introjection. c. reaction formation. d. projection. e. none of these. - Correct answer d. projection." "The technique whereby the analyst explains the meaning of certain behavior is known as: a. transference. b. rationalization. c. countertransference. d. interpretation. e. free association. - Correct answer d. interpretation." "A person who manages their anxiety by distorting reality and failing to acknowledge painful events is most likely using: a. introjection. b. sublimation. c. denial. d. compensation. e. undoing. - Correct answer c. denial." "Directing energy toward another object or a person (when anxiety is reduced by focusing on a "safer target") is known as: a. sublimation. b. repression. c. introjection. d. displacement. e. compensation. - Correct answer d. displacement." "Manufacturing "good" reasons to explain away a bruised ego, or to explain away failures or losses, is known as: a. rationalization. b. projection. c. displacement. d. introjection. e. reaction formation. - Correct answer a. rationalization." "The young adult who adopts his parent's outdated political beliefs to avoid unpleasant feelings of anxiety is an example of: a. displacement. b. reaction formation. c. sublimation. d. introjection. e. projection. - Correct answer d. introjection." "The ego defense mechanism that consists of masking perceived weaknesses or developing certain positive traits to make up for limitations is known as: a. sublimation. b. compensation c. introjection. d. reaction formation. e. regression. - Correct answer b. compensation" "The Electra complex and the Oedipus complex are associated with what psychosexual stage of development? a. anal stage b. genital stage c. oral stage d. phallic stage e. latency stage - Correct answer d. phallic stage" "Freud used the term libido in which of the following ways? a. To refer to the death instincts b. to refer to the energy of all the life instincts c. To refer to sexual abuse d. To account for the aggressive drive - Correct answer b. to refer to the energy of all the life instincts" ". In Erikson's view, the major developmental task in adolescence is: a. intimacy vs. isolation. b. integrity vs. despair. c. identity vs. role confusion. d. initiative vs. guilt. e. identity vs. shame and doubt. - Correct answer c. identity vs. role confusion." "The main function of the ego is: a. to inhibit id impulses. b. to seek pleasure in life. c. to mediate between the instincts and the surrounding environment. d. to strive for perfection. - Correct answer c. to mediate between the instincts and the surrounding environment." "If a person becomes fixated in the oral stage of development, later personality problems may include: a. rejecting others' love. b. fear of intimate relationships. c. mistrust of others. d. all of these. e. none of these. - Correct answer d. all of these." "According to Erickson, the basic struggle of early childhood involves: a. autonomy vs. shame and doubt. b. initiative vs. guilt. c. identity vs. role confusion. d. trust vs. mistrust. e. intimacy vs. isolation. - Correct answer a. autonomy vs. shame and doubt." "From a multicultural perspective, classical analysis may: a. discourage clients who do not hold upper-middle-class values. b. be problematic for clients from cultures that prefer a directive approach. c. underscore the role of important cultural and political factors in the client's world. d. all of the above - Correct answer d. all of the above" "All of the following are a part of Jung's view of development except: a. individuation b. the shadow. c. symbiosis. d. collective unconscious. e. archetypes. - Correct answer c. symbiosis." "All of the following are true about a therapist's countertransference reactions except: a. they should be avoided. b. they have the potential to interfere with effective treatment. c. they can provide rich understanding of the client's experience. d. they should be carefully monitored by the therapist. - Correct answer a. they should be avoided." "Individuals who display exhibitionistic traits, seek attention and admiration from others, and are extremely self-absorbed might have which of the following personality disorders? a. narcissistic b. dependent c. borderline d. obsessive-compulsive - Correct answer a. narcissistic" "A person with a personality disorder is characterized by instability, irritability, self-destructive acts, impulsive anger, and extreme mood shifts. This person is lacking a clear sense of identity, has poor impulse control, and an inability to tolerate anxiety. a. narcissistic b. dependent c. borderline d. obsessive-compulsive - Correct answer c. borderline" "It is of paramount importance that therapists develop some level of objectivity and not react defensively and subjectively in the face of: a. anger. b. love. c. adulation. d. criticism. e. all of these. - Correct answer e. all of these." "As a result of the client/therapist relationship in psychoanalytic therapy: a. clients acquire insights into their own unconscious psychodynamics. b. clients are better able to understand the association between their past experiences and their current behavior. c. awareness is increased on the client's part: d. all of these - Correct answer d. all of these" "Adler taught that we must successfully master three universal life tasks. Which of the following is not one of these tasks? a. building friendships b. establishing intimacy c. contributing to society d. enhancing wellness - Correct answer d. enhancing wellness" "Which is (are) true concerning one's style of life? a. All people have a lifestyle, but no two people develop exactly the same style. b. The lifestyle is largely set by the age of 6. c. One's style of life is a reaction to perceived inferiority. d. One's style of life is learned from early interactions in the family. e. All of these - Correct answer e. All of these" "The purpose of examining a client 's family constellation is: a. to get a picture of the individual's early social world. b. to bring unconscious factors to the surface. c. to discover hereditary aspects of the client's behavior. d. to determine who else in the family needs help. - Correct answer a. to get a picture of the individual's early social world." "The term "social interest" refers to: a. an individual's attitude in dealing with the social world. b. a sense of identification and empathy with others. c. striving for a better future for all humans. d. all of these. - Correct answer d. all of these." "The statement "Only when I receive everyone's approval will I be whole" is an example of: a. guiding self-ideal. b. something a personality disordered individual would say. c. a realistic goal. d. retroflection. e. reaction formation. - Correct answer a. guiding self-ideal." "An Adlerian therapist asks for the client 's earliest recollections in order to: a. discover goals and motivations. b. reveal their beliefs and basic mistakes. c. give clues as to the development of that individual's lifestyle. of these - Correct answer d. all of these" "According to Adlerians, inferiority feelings: a. are pathological. b. lead to depression. c. keep us from achieving our life goals. d. are directly related to our family constellation. e. create motivation and achieve mastery - Correct answer e. create motivation and achieve mastery" "Adlerian view the use of techniques in counseling as: a. geared to the phase of therapy and the needs of the client. b. more important than paying attention to the subjective experiences of the client. c. against their basic philosophy. d. unethical. - Correct answer a. geared to the phase of therapy and the needs of the client." "Adlerian therapy has a phenomenological orientation. Thus, the therapist attempts to view the world: a. from an objective frame of reference. b. from his or her own subjective frame of reference. c. from the client's frame of reference. d. from the frame of reference of a particular theory. e. none of these - Correct answer c. from the client's frame of reference." ""Fictional final ism" is an Adlerian term meaning: a. the unrealistic ideas that we have about the way life should be. b. our strict adherence to certain beliefs that are not based on reality. c. an imagined central goal that guides our behavior. d. our stubborn resistance to change. - Correct answer c. an imagined central goal that guides our behavior." "In helping clients to examine their mistaken goals and faulty assumptions, an Adlerian therapist does not use: a. encouragement. b. challenge and confrontation. c. open-ended interpretations. d. interpretation of the transference relationship. - Correct answer d. interpretation of the transference relationship." "Which of the .following aspects are assessed when exploring a client's family constellation? a. birth order b. interactions between siblings and parents c. the child's psychological position in the family d. all of the above - Correct answer d. all of the above" "One contribution of Adlerian therapy is that: a. practitioners are given a great deal of freedom in working with their clients. b. it offers a well-defined theory of personality. c. many of its concepts have been supported by research. d. it is a common-sense psychology. - Correct answer a. practitioners are given a great deal of freedom in working with their clients." "Which child tends to feel squeezed out and may develop a conviction that life is unfair and a feeling of being cheated? a. the oldest child b. the second child c. the middle child d. the youngest child e. the only child - Correct answer c. the middle child" "All of the following are life tasks that Adler taught we must successfully master except for: a. building friendships b. establishing intimacy c. contributing to society D. achieving self-actualization - Correct answer D. achieving self-actualization" "The client's core experience in Adlerian therapy consists of: a. working through the transference relationship. b. discovering their basic mistakes and then learning how to correct them. c. understanding how their relationship with their parents has shaped their personality. d. understanding how their birth order has determined the person who they are today. - Correct answer b. discovering their basic mistakes and then learning how to correct them." "Which of the following would an Adlerian therapist particularly value? a. interpretation of dreams b. confronting the ways the client is having dependently since early childhood c. modeling of communication and acting in socially minded ways d. helping the client to work through the transference neurosis - Correct answer c. modeling of communication and acting in socially minded ways" "The premise of Adlerian group work is that: a. clients' problems are usually of a social nature. b. early childhood disturbances are at the root of the client's current problems. c. individuals are encouraged to become fully independent. d. insight, not action is needed for change. - Correct answer a. clients' problems are usually of a social nature." "When counseling couples, Adlerian therapists strive to: a. create solutions for problems. b. increase the couple's choices. c. help the couple discover their collective resources. d. enhance the couple's communication. e. all of these - Correct answer e. all of these" "The Adlerian approach is well suited to multicultural counseling because: A. the approach encourages clients to define themselves within their social context. b. the approach has few rigid techniques. c. the focus on early recollections allows clients to explore their past. d. the focus on a lifestyle assessment is appealing to most cultures. - Correct answer A. the approach encourages clients to define themselves within their social context." "The basic goal of existential psychotherapy is: a. to expand self-awareness. b. to increase choice potentials. c. to help clients accept the responsibility of choosing. d. to help the client experience authentic existence. e. all of these - Correct answer e. all of these" "Finding the "courage to be" involves: a. confronting a specific phobia. b. learning to be alone. c. discarding old values. d. developing a will to move forward despite fears. e. all of these. - Correct answer d. developing a will to move forward despite fears." "Existential therapy is best considered as; a. an approach to understanding humans. b. a school of therapy. c. a system of techniques designed to create authentic humans. d. a strategy for uncovering dysfunctional behavior. - Correct answer a. an approach to understanding humans" "The central issue in existential therapy is: a. freedom and responsibility. b. resistance. c. transference. d. examining irrational beliefs. - Correct answer a. freedom and responsibility." "According to the existential viewpoint, death: a. makes life absurd. b. makes life meaningless and hopeless. c. gives significance to living. d. should not be explored in therapy. - Correct answer c. gives significance to living." "Which technique is considered essential in existential therapy? a. free association b. analysis of resistance c. analysis of dysfunctional family patterns d. role playing e. none of these - Correct answer e. none of these" "In a group based on existential principles, clients learn: a. that there are no ultimate answers for ultimate concerns. b. to view themselves through others' eyes. c. to come to terms with the paradoxes of existence. d. that pain is a reality of the human experience. e. all of these - Correct answer e. all of these" "Expanding awareness is: a. a basic goal of existential therapy. b. possible only with a few clients. c. not given emphasis in existential therapy. d. limited by our unconscious resistance. - Correct answer a. a basic goal of existential therapy." "In existential therapy, the conception of the therapist is a. an observer-technician. b. a fully alive human companion for the client. c. a teacher and coach. d. an advocate for social change. - Correct answer b. a fully alive human companion for the client." "When is the counseling process at its best from an existential viewpoint? a. When the client feels comfortable enough to engage in shame-attacking exercises outside of counseling sessions. b. When the deepest self of the therapist meets the deepest part of the client. c. When the therapist uses his or her influence to convince the client to let go of his or her anxiety. d. When sessions begin with progressive muscle relaxation exercises. - Correct answer b. When the deepest self of the therapist meets the deepest part of the client." "Viktor Frankl's approach to existential therapy is known as: a. individual psychology. b. logotherapy. c. reality therapy. d. redecision therapy. e. humanistic psychology. - Correct answer b. logotherapy." "Who was the Danish philosopher that addressed the role of anxiety and uncertainty in life? a. Medard Boss b. Jean-Paul Sartre c. Soren Kierkegaard d. Martin Buber e. Friedrich Nietzsche - Correct answer c. Soren Kierkegaard" "Existentialists contend that the experience of relatedness to other human beings: a. is a neurotically dependent attachment. b. should be based on our needs and theirs. c. is healthy if balanced with aloneness. d. is not necessary, since we are basically alone. - Correct answer c. is healthy if balanced with aloneness" "According to existentialists, our search for meaning involves all of these except: a. discarding old values. b. meaninglessness. c. creating our own value system. d. exploring unfinished business. e. the struggle for significance in life. - Correct answer d. exploring unfinished business." "The central theme running through the works of Vikctor Frankl is: a. that freedom is a myth. b. the will to meaning. c. self-disclosure as the key to mental health. d. the notion of self-actualization. e. being thrown into the universe without purpose. - Correct answer b. the will to meaning." "For Sartre, existential guilt is what we experience when: a. we do not live by the Ten Commandments. b. we fail to think about the welfare of others. c. we allow others to define us or to make our choices for us. d. we reflect on all that we might have done and failed to do. - Correct answer c. we allow others to define us or to make our choices for us." "Existential therapy is unlike many other therapies in that: a. it does not have a well-defined set of techniques. b. it stresses the I/Thou encounter in the therapy process. c. it focuses on the use of the therapist's self as the core of therapy. d. it allows for incorporation of techniques from many other approaches. e. all of these. - Correct answer e. all of these." "Being alone is a process by which we do all of the following except: a. learn to tolerate feelings of isolation. b. develop strength and self-reliance. c. develop a deep understanding of ourselves. d. reject the social overtures of others. - Correct answer d. reject the social overtures of others." "From a multicultural perspective, some clients may reject this approach because: a. it is founded on abstract, westernized notions that are not widely applicable. b. their life circumstances provide them with truly limited choices. c. death anxiety is not a central issue in all cultures. d. the use of techniques may be overwhelming for them. - Correct answer b. their life circumstances provide them with truly limited choices." "The existential approach is particularly well-suited to clients who: a. are dealing with grief and loss. b. are victims of oppression. c. have limited intellectual capacities. d. suffer from severe mental illness. - Correct answer a. are dealing with grief and loss." "The person-centered view of human nature: a. views people as basically competitive. b. states that humans are driven by irrational forces . c. affirms a person's capacity to direct his or her own life. d. assumes that, while humans have the potential for growth, we tend to remain stagnant. - Correct answer c. affirms a person's capacity to direct his or her own life." "Person-centered therapy is best described as: a. a completed "school" of counseling. b. a fixed set of therapeutic principles. c. a systematic set of behavioral techniques. d. a philosophy of how the therapy process develops. - Correct answer d. a philosophy of how the therapy process develops." "A self-actualized person: a. welcomes uncertainty in his or her life. b. has a capacity for deep and intense interpersonal relationships. c. does not have artificial dichotomies within himself or herself. d. is spontaneous and creative. e. all of these. - Correct answer e. all of these." "Person-centered therapy is a(n): a. action-oriented approach to therapy. b. humanistic approach to therapy. c. existential approach to therapy. d. deterministic approach to therapy. - Correct answer b. humanistic approach to therapy." "What is the most important factor related to progress in person-centered therapy? a. defining concrete and measurable goals b. the therapist's technical skills c. the relationship between the client and therapist d. the therapist's ability to think logically and to scientifically solve problems e. the client's motivation for change - Correct answer c. the relationship between the client and therapist" "The person-centered therapist is best described as a: a. facilitator. b. teacher. c. human engineer. d. friend. - Correct answer a. facilitator." "In order for a therapist to communicate "accurate empathic understanding" the counselor must: a. have experienced a situation very similar to the client's current predicament. b. clarify details and facts relevant to the client's experiences. c. feel a deep sense of warmth toward the client. d. connect emotionally to the client's subjective experience. - Correct answer d. connect emotionally to the client's subjective experience." "The technique of reflection involves the therapist: a. restating the client's words verbatim. b. sharing his or her genuine emotional response with the client. c. mirroring the client's emotional experience of a particular situation. d. bringing an actual mirror into the session and having a client look at himself or herself in the mirror. - Correct answer c. mirroring the client's emotional experience of a particular situation." "Arguably, the most central limitation of the person-centered approach is: a. their view of assessment and diagnosis. b. the therapist's limitations as a person. c. Shortcomings of the studies of the approach. d. the continual evolution of the approach leads to unclear therapeutic principles. - Correct answer b. the therapist's limitations as a person." "In applying the person-centered approach to crisis intervention, therapists: a. communicate a deep sense of understanding. b. provide genuine support and warmth. c. use a more structured approach and provide clients with some direction. d. all of these. - Correct answer d. all of these." "According to Rogerian therapy, an "internal source of evaluation" is defined as: a. internalizing the validation one receives from others. b. looking more to oneself for the answers to the problems of existence. c. going on one's instincts when judging the behavior of others. d. neurotic tendency to be self-critical. e. success identity. - Correct answer b. looking more to oneself for the answers to the problems of existence." "Which of the following personal characteristics of the therapist is most important, according to Carl Rogers a. unconditional positive regard b. acceptance c. genuineness d. accurate empathic understanding e. accurate active listening - Correct answer c. genuineness" "Carl Rogers's position on confronting the client is that: a. confrontation is to be avoided at all costs. b. confrontation causes clients to stop growing. c. confrontation reflects that the therapist has a need to be in control. d. caring confrontations can be beneficial. - Correct answer d. caring confrontations can be beneficial." "A consistent theme that underlies most of Carl Rogers's writings is: a. the need to find meaning in life through love, work, or suffering. b. b. the need for a religion to find meaning in life. c. the importance of expressing feelings that stem from childhood issues. d. a faith in the capacity of individuals to develop in a constructive manner if a climate of trust is established. e. the need for clients to relive past traumatic situations in the here-and-now. - Correct answer d. a faith in the capacity of individuals to develop in a constructive manner if a climate of trust is established." "The person-centered therapist 's most important function is: a. to begin therapy with a comprehensive lifestyle assessment. b. to challenge clients to examine their past. c. to skillfully confront clients when they engage in self-destructive behaviors. d. to be his or her real self in the relationship with a client. e. to be an agent of social change. - Correct answer d. to be his or her real self in the relationship with a client." "From Carl Rogers's perspective the client/therapist relationship is characterized by: a. a sense of equality. b. the transference relationship. c. the therapist functioning as the expert. d. a clearly defined contract that specifies what clients will talk about in the sessions. - Correct answer a. a sense of equality." "One of the limitations of the person-centered approach is that: a. its has not been subjected to rigorous research. b. it is not grounded in personality theory. c. therapists use vigorous confrontation methods. d. there can be a tendency to give too much support and not enough challenge. - Correct answer d. there can be a tendency to give too much support and not enough challenge." "In person-centered group therapy, the leader: a. displays a sense of trust in the members. B. uses techniques and exercises to motivate the group. c. focuses on making interpretations. d. sets goals for the group members. e. facilitates the direction of group discussions. - Correct answer a. displays a sense of trust in the members." "Accurate empathic understanding helps clients to: a. notice and value their experiences. b. re-conceptualize earlier experiences c. modify their perceptions of themselves, others, and the world. d. increase their confidence in making choices and in pursuing a course of action. e. all of these. - Correct answer e. all of these." "A factor that distinguishes the person-centered approach to group counseling from other approaches IS: a. the therapist's role as facilitator. b. the length of treatment. c. the focus on creating a collaborative spirit. d. the focus on building genuine relationships among members. - Correct answer a. the therapist's role as facilitator." "Gestalt therapy is a form of: a. Freudian psychoanalytic therapy. b. Neo-Freudian analytic therapy. c. behavior therapy. d. existential therapy. - Correct answer d. existential therapy." "Field theory suggests that: a. the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. b. human beings have a innate capacity to self regulate. c. everything in human experience is relational and in constant flux. d. phenomenological inquiry is the key to behavior change. e. the "how" of behavior is more important than the "why" of behavior. - Correct answer c. everything in human experience is relational and in constant flux." "Erv Polster believes that storytelling: a. is always a form of resistance. b. can be the heart of the therapeutic process since people are storytelling beings. c. is acceptable only if one's client is a writer. d. is an indication that one's client is a pathological liar. e. is a sign of high verbal abilities, and thus, high intelligence. - Correct answer b. can be the heart of the therapeutic process since people are storytelling beings." "The Gestalt therapist: a. freely makes interpretations for the client. b. pays attention to the client's nonverbal language. c. is mainly nondirective. d. helps the client understand why he or she is behaving in self-defeating ways. e. assigns homework to bring about specific cognitive and behavior changes. - Correct answer b. pays attention to the client's nonverbal language." "In Gestalt theory, the experiment is considered: a. a specific technique of therapy. b. an activity that flows from therapeutic interaction and is crafted to fit the client's needs. c. a ready-made exercise used to achieve a behavioral goal. d. a scientific procedure to assess the effectiveness of therapy. - Correct answer b. an activity that flows from therapeutic interaction and is crafted to fit the client's needs." "When a person experiences an internal conflict (namely a conflict between top dog and underdog), which of the following techniques would be most appropriate? a. making the rounds b. the reversal technique c. the internal dialogue exercise d. the rehearsal exercise e. the exaggeration exercise - Correct answer c. the internal dialogue exercise" "Often Greta, who struggles to feel good about herself, comes to sessions with slouched posture. In order to help Gretą gain a clearer understanding of the inner meaning of her slouched posture, a Gestalt therapist might: a. ask Greta to exaggerate her poor posture, which is likely to intensify her feelings attached to it. b. have Greta undergo hypnosis. c. ask Greta to free associate to the words "slouched posture." d. refer her to an orthopedic surgeon to rule out scoliosis. - Correct answer a. ask Greta to exaggerate her poor posture, which is likely to intensify her feelings attached to it." "A Gestalt technique that is most useful when a person attempt to deny an aspect of his or her personality (such as tenderness) is: a. making the rounds. b. the reversal exercise. c. the rehearsal exercise. d. the empty chair technique. - Correct answer b. the reversal exercise." "Mariah tells her therapist, a Gestaltist, that she dreamt she got married to a pit bull and felt uneasy about telling her parents that she married a dog. When her parents discovered their son-in-law was a pit bull, they disowned her and suddenly became dogs themselves. In response to this dream, Mariah's therapist: a. may need to contact a psychiatric hospital (and possibly an animal shelter) since it is likely Mariah unconsciously desires to marry a dog. b. should interpret the dream for her client. c. should assist her client in reliving the dream as though it was happening in the now and have her become each part of the dream. d. should encourage her client to forget the dream since it was meaningless. - Correct answer c. should assist her client in reliving the dream as though it was happening in the now and have her become each part of the dream." "The paradoxical theory of behavior change suggests: a. we change by setting future-oriented goals. b. clients should pay particular attention to becoming the person they wish to be. c. careful attention should devoted to changing behavior in the moment it is happening. d. we change through becoming aware of who we currently are. e. change is facilitated when we accept our mortality. - Correct answer d. we change through becoming aware of who we currently are." "The basic goal of Gestalt therapy is: a. attaining awareness, and with it greater choice. b. to understand why we feel as we do. c. to uncover repressed material. d. to help clients develop better social skills. - Correct answer a. attaining awareness, and with it greater choice." "According to the Gestalt perspective, if people do not remember their dreams: a. they may be refusing to face what is wrong with their lives. b. that suggests they have no internal conflicts. c. they are sound sleepers. d. they lack creativity. e. they should be referred to a therapist with a different theoretical orientation. - Correct answer a. they may be refusing to face what is wrong with their lives." "According to Gestalt theory, people use avoidance in order to: a. keep themselves from facing unfinished business. b. keep from feeling uncomfortable emotions. c. keep from having to change. d. all of these - Correct answer d. all of these" "Gestalt therapists say that clients resist contact by means of: a. retroflection. b. projection. c. introjection. d. all of these - Correct answer d. all of these" "Which of the following Gestalt techniques involves asking one person in a group to speak to each of the other group members? a. the rehearsal exercise b. the reversal technique c. making the rounds d. the exaggeration technique - Correct answer c. making the rounds" "The empty chair technique: a. assists clients in re-owning parts of their personality. b. balances internal polarities. c. allows clients to externalize an introject. d. helps to resolve unfinished business. e. all of these - Correct answer e. all of these" "A teenage girl is angry with her parents and cuts on her arm. In Gestalt terms, she is most likely engaging in: a. introjection. b. projection. c. retroflection. d. confluence. - Correct answer c. retroflection." "Because of his need to be liked Jose makes careful efforts to get along with everyone and minimize interpersonal conflicts. Which boundary disturbance is Jose exhibiting? a. introjection. b. projection. c. retroflection. d. confluence. - Correct answer d. confluence." "Without proper training, Gestalt therapists may: a. evoke catharsis without having the ability to work it through with their client. b. design faulty experiments. c. may use ready-made techniques inappropriately. d. may damage the therapeutic relationship with the client e. all of these. - Correct answer e. all of these." "Contemporary Gestalt therapists view client resistance as: a. a way that clients avoid confrontation. b. a sign of poor motivation for therapeutic work. c a therapy interfering force that needs to be overcome. d. an element of therapy that needs to be respected. - Correct answer d. an element of therapy that needs to be respected." "The main goal of behavior therapy is a. fostering self-actualization b. expanding self-understanding and insight. c. assisting clients in making value judgments concerning their behavior. d. Eliminating maladaptive learning and providing for more effective learning - Correct answer d. Eliminating maladaptive learning and providing for more effective learning" "What is the function of the behavior therapist? a. to provide modeling for the client b. to provide a collaborative therapeutic environment c. to assess specific behavior problems d. to provide reinforcement for clients d. all of these. - Correct answer d. all of these." "Which anxiety reduction technique involves creating a hierarchy of the client's fearful experiences? a. assertive training b. operant conditioning c. systematic desensitization d. social reinforcement e. stress inoculation - Correct answer c. systematic desensitization" "Behavior therapists look to the current environmental events that maintain problem behaviors and help clients produce behavior change by changing environmental events, through a process called: a. functional assessment. b. motivational interviewing. c. mindfulness-based stress reduction. d. reorientation. e. biofeedback. - Correct answer a. functional assessment." "Behavior therapy is suited for: a. individual therapy. b. group therapy c. institutions and clinics. d. classroom learning situations. e. all of these. - Correct answer e. all of these." "Phil has been in behavior therapy to address his fear of heights. The treatment will not be considered complete until: a. Phil transfers what he learns in therapy to his everyday life and takes actual steps to confront hi fear. b. Phil agrees to take up sky diving as a hobby. c. Phil has absolutely no fear of heights, which may be measured by his willingness to move to or of the top floors of a skyscraper. d. Phil acknowledges his fear. - Correct answer a. Phil transfers what he learns in therapy to his everyday life and takes actual steps to confront hi fear." "In terms of ethical accountability, behavior therapy: a. does not address this issue. b. provides a basis for responsible practice. c. offers a greater chance of abusing interventions than do other approaches. d. makes use of techniques that have questionable validity. e. is the only ethical form of therapy today. - Correct answer b. provides a basis for responsible practice." "Multimodal therapy is a therapeutic approach that is grounded on: a. cognitive behavior therapy. b. social learning theory. b. applied behavior analysis. d. operant conditioning. e. dialectical behavior therapy - Correct answer b. social learning theory." "Haley has difficulty turning down dates and consistently allows men to take advantage of her. A behavioral intervention that may help Haley establish appropriate boundaries with others and speak up for herself is: a. stress inoculation training. b. anger management. c. assertion training. d. EMDR. e. In vivo flooding. - Correct answer c. assertion training." "A limitation of behavior therapy is: a. the overemphasis on feeling and the neglect of cognition. b. the overemphasis upon insight. c. the lack of empirical research validating its techniques. d. the need for long-term treatment to effect change. e. none of these - Correct answer e. none of these" "During the second wave of behavior therapy, therapists a. continued to emphasize empirically supported treatments. b. increased their focus on the role of emotion in behavior change. c. adopted a stronger biological perspective. d. applied behavior therapy principles to prevention of disease and illness. e. all of these - Correct answer e. all of these" "Wolpe's systematic desensitization is based on the principles of: a. classical conditioning. b. operant conditioning. c. modeling. d. motivational interviewing. e. cognitive therapy. - Correct answer a. classical conditioning." "The situation in which behaviors are influenced by the consequences that follow them is: a. classical conditioning. b. operant conditioning. c. modeling. d. flooding. - Correct answer b. operant conditioning." "Skinner's view of shaping behavior is based on the principle of: a. classical conditioning. b. operant conditioning. c. reciprocal inhibition. d. acceptance. - Correct answer b. operant conditioning." "In conducting a behavioral assessment, the client's functioning is taken into account in which area(s)? a. emotional dimensions b. cognitive dimensions c. behavioral dimensions d. interpersonal dimensions e. all of these - Correct answer e. all of these" "What would be the most accurate way of describing mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) to a friend or colleague? a. MBSR consists of the notion that much of our distress and suffering results from continually wanting things to be different from how they actually are. b. MBSR aims to assist people in learning how to live more fully in the present rather than BE ruminating about the past or being overly concerned about the future. c. MBSR does not actively teach cognitive modification techniques, nor does it label certain cognitions as "dysfunctional," because this is not consistent with the nonjudgmental attitude one strives to cultivate in mindfulness practice. d. The approach adopted in the MBSR program is to develop the capacity for sustained directed attention through formal meditation practice. e. all of these. - Correct answer e. all of these." "Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) integrates techniques from: a. multimodal therapy and mindfulness b. mindfulness-based stress reduction and cognitive behavior therapy. c. motivational interviewing and mindfulness. d. Yoga, systematic desensitization, and mindfulness. - Correct answer b. mindfulness-based stress reduction and cognitive behavior therapy." "Self-management strategies include: a. self-monitoring. b. self-award. c. self-contracting. d. stimulus control. e. all of these - Correct answer e. all of these" "The premise of the exposure-based therapies is that anxiety is reduced through: a. extinction of a maladaptive response to a feared stimulus. b. habituation. c. pairing a feared stimulus with a competing, calming response. d. progressive muscle relaxation. e. negative reinforcement. - Correct answer c. pairing a feared stimulus with a competing, calming response." "In vivo flooding consists of: a. brief and graduated series of exposures to feared events. b. intense and prolonged exposure to the actual anxiety-producing stimuli. c. imagined exposure to fearful experiences paired with muscle relaxation. d. guided use of mindfulness techniques. - Correct answer b. intense and prolonged exposure to the actual anxiety-producing stimuli." "The founder of rational emotive behavior therapy is: a. William Glasser. b. Frederick Perls. c. Albert Ellis. d. Joseph Wolpe. e. Aaron Beck. - Correct answer c. Albert Ellis." "The correct components of the A-B-C theory of personality are: a. antecedent, behavior, consequences. b. activating events, behaviors, cognitions. c. antecedent, belief, cognitions. d. activating event, belief, consequence. - Correct answer d. activating event, belief, consequence." "REBT views emotional disturbances as the result of: a. inadequate mothering during infancy. b. failure to fulfill our existential needs. c. excessive feelings. d. irrational thinking and behaving. - Correct answer d. irrational thinking and behaving." "REBT contends that people: a. have a need to be loved and accepted by everyone. b. need to be accepted by most people. c. will become emotionally sick if they are rejected. d. do not need to be accepted and loved. - Correct answer d. do not need to be accepted and loved." "The main therapeutic goal of REBT is: a. to teach clients how to recognize which ego state they are in. b. to make the unconscious conscious. c. to assist the client in becoming aware of his or her "being-in-the-world." d. to challenge the client in making both a value judgment and moral decision about the quality of his or her behavior. d. none of these - Correct answer d. none of these" "The main function of the rational emotive behavior therapist is to: a. become an "existential partner" with the client. b. create a climate of safety and freedom from threat. c. challenge clients to reevaluate their ideas and philosophy of life. d. encourage the client to experience fully the here-and-now. e. help the client relive past emotional traumas. - Correct answer c. challenge clients to reevaluate their ideas and philosophy of life." "The role of the client in rational emotive behavior therapy is like that of a: a. co-therapist. b. passive observer. c. student or learner. d. partner. - Correct answer c. student or learner." "A feature of REBT that distinguishes it from other cognitive-behavioral therapies is: a. its use of the A-B-C theory in analyzing the client. b. its use of behavioral techniques. c. its applicability to group work d. its systematic exposition of irrational beliefs that result in emotional and behavioral disturbance. - Correct answer d. its systematic exposition of irrational beliefs that result in emotional and behavioral disturbance." "Which of the following is the correct order of the three phases of Meichenbaum's stress-inoculation program? a. conceptual-application-rehearsal b. application-conceptual-rehearsal c. application-rehearsal-conceptual d. rehearsal-conceptual-application e. conceptual-rehearsal-application - Correct answer e. conceptual-rehearsal-application" "An REBT therapist would contend that anxiety stems from: a. unresolved issues of the past. b. inadequate ego-defense mechanisms. c. the internal repetition of irrational sentences. d. a normal human condition that should be accepted. e. oppressive social conditions - Correct answer c. the internal repetition of irrational sentences." "In REBT, what method is taught to clients to help them challenge irrational beliefs? a. autogenic method b. disputational method c. self-management method d. phenomenological method e. multimodal method - Correct answer b. disputational method" "Which of the following is true about the relationship between a client and a rational emotive behavior therapist? a. Therapists make value judgments in helping their clients gain insight. b. It is characterized by full acceptance and tolerance. c. personal warmth is considered to be very important. d. The therapist assumes a nondirective stance. e. Transference is encouraged to develop. - Correct answer b. It is characterized by full acceptance and tolerance." "Which of the following REBT techniques helps a client gradually learn to deal with anxiety and challenge basic irrational thinking? a. biofeedback b. cognitive homework c. dream analysis d. skill training e. assertiveness training - Correct answer b. cognitive homework" "According to REBT, it is important to change the way one uses language because: a. imprecise language is one of the causes of distorted thinking processes. b. language shapes thinking and behavior. c. language shapes feelings d. all of these - Correct answer d. all of these" "One of the main ways that Beck's cognitive therapy differs from Ellis's REBT is that in Beck's approach, more so than in Ellis's approach: a. reality testing is highly organized. b. thinking is considered to influence feeling and action. c. the quality of the therapeutic relationship is basic to the therapy process. d. clients are asked to look for evidence to support their conclusions. - Correct answer c. the quality of the therapeutic relationship is basic to the therapy process." "In Meichenbaum's cognitive behavior modification, what is given primary importance? a. using emotive techniques b. collaborative empiricism c. automatic thoughts d. inner speech e. a multimodal approach to changing one's thinking and behaving - Correct answer d. inner speech" "One strength of cognitive behavioral therapy group counseling is that: a. emphasis is placed on symptom prevention. b. clients can remain relatively emotionally disengaged. c. leaders take a non-directive stance. d. leaders believe that insight is necessary for behavior change. - Correct answer a. emphasis is placed on symptom prevention." "Beck's cognitive therapy has been most widely applied to the treatment of: a. stress symptoms. b. anxiety reactions. c. phobias. d. depression. e. cardiovascular disorders. - Correct answer d. depression." "The cognitive distortion of making conclusions without supporting and relevant evidence is: a. labeling and mislabeling. b overgeneralization. c. arbitrary inferences. d. selective abstraction. e. personalization. - Correct answer d. selective abstraction." "The tendency for individuals to relate external events to themselves, even when there is no basis for making this connection, is known as: a. labeling and mislabeling. b. overgeneralization. c. arbitrary inferences. d. selective abstraction. e. personalization. - Correct answer e. personalization." "Reality therapy is best categorized as: a. a brand of psychoanalytic therapy. b. a form of nondirective therapy. c. a derivative of Gestalt therapy. d. a derivative of Adlerian therapy. e. a form of cognitive behavior therapy. - Correct answer e. a form of cognitive behavior therapy." "WDEP stands for: a. wants, decision, self-evaluation, perception. b. wishes, direction, engagement, purpose. c. wants, doing, self-evaluation, planning. d. wants, direction, efficacy, planning. - Correct answer c. wants, doing, self-evaluation, planning." "A reality therapist would most likely respond to a client's complaint of melancholy, sad mood by saying: a. "Sounds like you're depressed." b. "Sounds like you have depression." c. "Sounds like you're depressing." d. "Sounds like you're depressive." - Correct answer c. "Sounds like you're depressing."" "Wubbolding believes all of the following encourage the client's involvement in therapy except for: a. appropriate use of humor. b. warmth. c. facilitative self-disclosure. d. allowing the client to focus on symptoms. - Correct answer d. allowing the client to focus on symptoms." "In reality therapy, the counseling environment is: a. the time to explore past trauma. b. characterized by a therapeutic climate that establishes the fo