PHIL 235- Biomedical Ethics Exam with complete solutions already passed

PHIL 235- Biomedical Ethics Exam with complete solutions already passed passive euthanasia - Correct withdrawing or withholding of life-sustaining treatment to allow the patient to die from the underlying illness or injury Active Euthanasia - Correct direct actions that result in the patient's death, such as giving the patient a lethal injection. Physician-assisted suicide - Correct Voluntary suicide by a patient committed with the assistance of her physician Eugenics - Correct Controlled breeding practices used to improve the genetic quality of offspring Allocation - Correct Distribution of goods and services among alternative possibilities of their use Macroallocations (large scale) - Correct Social decisions made about the expenditure for and distribution of resources intended for health care: ex: federal spending on healthcare Microallocation (Individual care) - Correct Decisions made by particular institutions or HCPS concerning who will obtain available resources; for example, which patient will receive an available organ. Commodification - Correct Selling and buying or profiting from the sale of the human body, its tissue to derive from research on it Morality - Correct A formal system meant to generate co-operative behaviour and regulate interpersonal social relations. Ethics - Correct Study of morality Ethicists philosophers - Correct Those who study morality and its practical application Three categories of Ethics 1.1 Metaethics - Correct the identification, explication, and critical evaluation of morality as a concept, abstracted from specific content or specific statements of behaviour meta (Beyond) where can it exist 1.2 Normative Ethics - Correct statements, often in the form of principles or rules, that tell people what to do or how to behave to live a moral life. Four theories: Four theories of Normative ethics - Correct Consequentialism, Deontology (non consequentialism), Virtue Theory, Ethics of care 1.3 Applied Ethics - Correct Ethicists, writing in applied ethics consider whether it is morally permissible for a physician to kill a patient. Looks at the most controversial issues. Consequentialism - Correct Right and wrong of an action Deontology - Correct Some things are right or wrong regardless the consequence. Virtue Ethics: what person should I be Ethics of care - Correct Privileging the rational, individual and self-interested, account of human nature What two formal system of rules does morality obligate? - Correct 1. Generating co- operative behaviour 2. Regulating interpersonal relations in such a way as to achieve that purpose The five C's - Correct Co-operation, compromise, compassion, Conquer, Conflict Negative Rights - Correct Those rights that prohibit government from acting in certain ways; rights that are not to be interfered with. ex: your right to not be harmed or killed creates an obligation that others refrain from shooting you or hitting Positive rights - Correct The provision of some item or service. ex: Your right to receive health care Three categories of rights - Correct 1. Moral right 2. Political rights 3. Legal rights Objectivism - Correct the belief that certain things, especially moral truths, exist independently of human knowledge or perception of them. Facts Subjectivism - Correct unpredictable, no one knows that the next person will do or what actions they (dis)approve of. All about how the person feels, emotions and opinions Moral or ethical relativism - Correct The social norms dictate what is right. This perspective is rather old in terms of practice but new in terms of our analysis and understanding. Cultures have had social norms for millennia, but only in the last two hundred years have social scientists studied how those norms affect ethical thinking and decisions. Can Morality be Subjective? - Correct No because, according to which an individual decides what to do according to his own conscience because all individuals are equally "right" and no one is wrong. Do not do to others what you would not want done to you Beneficence - Correct Acts performed for the overall benefit of a patient Categorical imperative - Correct A universal binding, unconditional, or absolute moral requirement Autonomy - Correct The ability of the individual to govern him/herself. Self Ruling Prima facie - Correct Duty that is morally obligatory unless it conflicts with another moral duty, in which case the more pressing duty takes precedence Kant's two types of duties - Correct 1. Imperfect: they are of secondary importance and will always be superseded by perfect duties in any conflict 2. Perfect: Those duties are obligatory and can never be breached. (Do not kill rational humans) Seven limited duties - Correct Fidelity, reparation, gratitude, justice, beneficence, self-improvement, non-maleficence Principle of utility - Correct used in utilitarianism; requires that the rule used in making a decision must bring about positive results when generalized to a wide variety of situations Moral agent - Correct the individual who must make an ethical choice in an organization Non-maleficence - Correct duty to do no harm Justice - Correct the duty to give each individual equal consideration based on the contextual details of the situation Who was the first western thinker to provide a full formulation of Utilitarianism and what was his theory called? - Correct Jeremy Bentham, Hedonistic Utilitarianism When was ethics of care put forth? - Correct 1989 by a psychologist What are the two principles of ethic of care? - Correct 1. Minimize or avoid harm 2. Create or maintain positive relationships. Ex: Mothers doing everything for their children Moral community - Correct a group of people who are united by their religious practices Weak paternalism - Correct The belief that it is permissible to interfere with the autonomy of a competent individual when action in an irrational fashion that could lead to harm to him or others Strong paternalism - Correct The overriding of a person's actions or choices although he or she is substantially autonomous. Paternalism - Correct the policy or practice on the part of people in positions of authority of restricting freedom and responsibilities Two types of virtues in order to function - Correct Intellectual virtues: Education Moral virtues: one who does the right thing for the right reasons Ethical Relativism - Correct suggests that what is ethical in one culture is not necessarily the same as in another culture. It fails to allow for moral progress.