CHHI 301 Exam 3 (100% correct and graded A+)

Barbarians/Germanic Tribes - Anyone who lived along the frontiers of the Roman Empire. They were not citizens and fought against Rome's expansion into their lands. Burgundians - Germanic invaders who overran the western half of the Roman Empire Vandals - One of the most destructive nomadic tribes; adopted Arianism when they converted to Christianity. Led by Genseric and sacked Rome in 455. Conquered Eastern Roman Empire in 533. Genseric the Vandal - King of Vandals; conquered Roman North Africa and sacked Rome in 455 The Franks - a Germanic tribe that conquered present-day France and neighboring lands in the 400s. Settled in Gaul. King Clovis of the Franks - first Germanic ruler to accept Christianity, conquered Gaul. First king of France. Merovingian Dynasty - A Frankish dynasty founded by Clovis I that reigned in Gaul and Germany from about 500 to 750. Visigoths - A Germanic tribe who settled primarily in Spain; the first such group to lay siege to Rome. Alaric I. Alaric I and the Visigoths - He and his men sacked the Roman empire in 410 CE. Ostrogoths - A Germanic tribe that attacked Rome in 476 AD. The Leader was Odoacar, who kicked out the last Roman Emperor. Theodoric the Great - (493 to 526) Ruler of the Ostrogothic kingdom of Italy. Conquered Rome in 471. Attila the Hun - The fierce leader of a barbarian tribe that was invading Italy.Pope Leo I - Crowned Charlemagne Holy Roman Emperor on Christmas Day, 800. Persuaded Attila not to attack Rome. Romulus Augustulus deposed - 476. last Roman emperor. deposed by Odoacer. Charles Martel - Carolingian monarch of Franks; responsible for defeating Muslims in battle of Tours in 732; ended Muslim threat to western Europe. Pepin the Short - He was Charles Martel's son. He was king and the Pope asked him for help against the Lombards who were invading. Pepin helps him and defeats them and in turn, the Pope names him king of the Franks. Then Pepin gives the Pope land called the Papal States. Carolingian Dynasty - A series of Frankish rulers including Pepin and Charlemagne lasting from 751 to 987 Charlemagne - 800 AD crowned by the Pope as the head of the Holy Roman Empire, which extended from northern Spain to western Germany and northern Italy. His palace was at Aachen in central Europe Synod of Orange - 529 Upholds Augustinian view that grace has primacy in salvation contra SemiPelagianism Gelasius - The first person to separate the power of the king and the pope used analogy of two swords Augustine of Hippo - (354 - 430) Bishop of Hippo who wrote Confessions and City of God, which formed the basis for the doctrine of man's salvation by divine grace for the church. Donatism - Heresy that rejected the sacraments celebrated by clergy who had formerly betrayed their faith. Council of Carthage (411) - •Following the 410 council of Carthage, the emperor ordered the 411 face to face meeting•Augustine had been working on this since 395. •Presided over by Marcellinus: purpose was "to confirm the catholic faith." •7 representatives were to represent each side, but all 284 Donatists marched in during the opening meeting! Pelagius - (ca. 360-420) - British monk who debated with Augustine over the nature of the human will. Pelagius taught that human nature is essentially good, that humans can avoid sinning, and that humans can freely choose to obey God's commands. He was condemned as a heretic by the Council of Carthage in 418. Semipelagianism - A heretical view of conversion that maintains that a person must start their own conversion by their own power (apart from the Holy Spirit) but needs God's assistance through the sacraments in order to be fully converted. John Cassian - Known as the "father of Western monasticism," he sought to establish a standardized form of monasticism for the Western Roman Empire based upon the ideals of Eastern monasticism. Vincent of Lerins - Author (d. c. 445) who held a Semipelagian view on human nature and salvation; he formulated an influential understanding of orthodoxy based on ecumenicity, antiquity, and consensus Feudalism - A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land The Manorial System - an economic system in the Middle Ages that was built around large estates called manors Cluny Reform - The Cluniac Reforms were a series of changes within medieval monasticism of the Western Church focused on restoring the traditional monastic life, encouraging art, and caring for the poor.. The Investiture Controversy - Dispute between the popes and the Holy Roman Emperors over who held ultimate authority over bishops in imperial lands.Otto I - 10th century ruler who became emperor of the German states through close ties with the Catholic church The Great Schism - in 1054 this severing of relations divided medieval Christianity into the already distinct Eastern (Greek) and Western (Latin) branches, which later became known as the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church, respectively. Relations between East and West had long been embittered by political and ecclesiastical differences and theological disputes. Pope Gregory VII - () powerful medieval pope; fought with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over the power to choose church officials Michael Cerularius - The patriarch of Constantinople when the Great Schism occurred between East and West in 1054. Heraclius (610-641) - Byzantine emperor who defeated Sasanian Persia but was himself defeated by the Muslim Arabs Monothelete Controversy - Paulicians - Early protestants; contact with Muslims; Constantine; baptism at 30; Key of Truth Iconoclastic Controversy - debate between opponents and defenders of icons in the Byzantine Church; one of the issues that led to the split of the Christian church in 1054 Leo III - Believing that icons encouraged superstition and idol-worship, in A.D. 726 this emperor ordered all icons removed from the churches.