OBGYN Latest Update Graded A+

OBGYN Latest Update Graded A+ Amenorrhea The absence or cessation of the menstrual period. Normally occurs before puberty, during pregnancy, after menopause. Cervix The lower narrow end of the uterus that opens into the vagina. Colposcopy Examination of the cervix using a colposcope. Dysmenorrhea Pain associated with the menstrual period. Dyspareunia Pain in the vagina or pelvis experienced by a woman during intercourse. Dysplasia The growth of abnormal cells. Precancerous condition: May or may not develop into cancer. Menopause The permanent cessation of menstruation-- usually occurs between ages 45 and 55. Menorrhagia Excessive bleeding during the menstrual period--in the number of days or amount of blood or both. Also called dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB). Metrorrhagia Bleeding between menstrual periods. Perimenopause Phase prior to the onset of menopause-- regular periods change to irregular menstrual cycles, increased periods of amenorrhea. Perineum Female: region between vaginal orifice and anus. Male: region between scrotum and anus. Vaginal Speculum Function: hold vagina apart--allows for visual inspection of vagina and cervix. Direct pap smear method Do not lubricate speculum. Perform every year. Liquid-based Pap method Lubricate speculum with water-based lubricant. Perform every two years. The Pap test Consists of a cytology evaluation. Named after developer: Dr. George Papanicolaou. Used for early detection of cervical cancer. Specimen Collection Sample of squamous epithelial cells collected. Scraping of cells taken from ectocervix, endocervix. Can also be taken from vagina: Not usually done unless a lesion is observed. Squamous epithelial cells Thin, flat layer of cells located on outermost layer of cervix. Bimanual Pelvic Examination Index and middle fingers of lubricated gloved hand inserted into vagina. Fingers of other hand placed on patient's lower abdomen. Between the two hands, physician palpates uterus and ovaries for size, shape, position, detection of tenderness or lumps. Trichomonas vaginalis Causative agent of trichomoniasis (trich). Trichomoniasis Usually (but not always) spread through intercourse. Symptoms: Profuse, frothy vaginal discharge--yellowish-green, unpleasant odor. Itching and irritation of vulva and vagina. Pear-shaped protozoan with flagella: allows for motility of organism. Treatment: metronidazole (Flagyl). Candida albicans Yeastlike fungus-- commonly called yeast infection. Treatment: miconazole (Monistat), clotrimazole (GyneLotrimin), nystatin (Mycostatin). Chlamydia Caused by bacterium: Chlamydia trachomatis. Fastest spreading sexually transmitted disease in U.S. Occurs most in female adolescents and young adults. First attacks cervix: resulting in cervicitis. Symptoms: Dysuria. Itching and irritation of genital area. Yellowish odorless vaginal discharge: