Anatomy & Physiology Ch. 2 (Chemistry of Life) with complete verified solutions.

Matter Anything that has mass and occupies space Atom Smallest unit of matter Protons Found in Nucleus, positively charged Electrons Found outside Nucleus, negatively charged Neutrons Found in Nucleus, neutral charge Atomic Number Number of protons an atom has Human body is made up of what 4 elements? Hydrogen, Carbon, Oxygen, Nitrogen Suspension Mixture containing large, unevenly distributed particles Colloid Mixture with small, evenly distributed particles Solution Mixture with extremely small, evenly distributed particles Molecule Formed by chemical bonding between 2 or more atoms Compound Formed when 2 or more atoms of different elements combine by chemical bonding Macromolecules Very large molecules composed of many atoms Molecular Formulas Represent molecules symbolically with letters and numbers Ionic Bond Formed when electrons are transferred from a metal atom to a non metal atom. Results in the formation of ions Anion Negatively charged ion, formed when a nonmetal gains one or more electrons Cation Positively charged ion, formed when a metal loses one or more electrons Covalent Bond Strongest bond, formed when 2 or more nonmetals share electrons Nonpolar Covalent Bond When 2 nonmetals in a molecule with similar or identical electronegativities pull with equal force and share electrons equally Polar Covalent Bonds When nonmetals with different electronegativities interact resulting in unequal sharing of electrons Hydrogen Bonds Weak attraction between a partially positive end of one dipole and a partially negative end of another dipole. Dipole Polar molecules with partially positive and partially negative ends Energy The capacity to do work, put matter into motion and/or fuel chemical reactions Potential Energy Stored energy that can be released to do work at a later time Kinetic Energy Potential energy that has been released or set in motion to perform work Chemical Energy Energy found in bonds between atoms, drives nearly all chemical processes Electrical Energy Energy generated by movement of charged particles or ions Mechanical Energy Energy directly transferred from one object to another Endergonic Reaction A reaction that requires input of energy from another source. Products have more energy than reactants Exergonic Reaction A reaction that releases extra energy so the products have less energy than the reactants Catabolic (decomposition) Reaction A reaction where a substance is broken down into smaller substances Ex: AB -> A+B Exchange Reaction A reaction where one or more atoms from reactants are exchanged for one another Ex: AB+CD -> AD+BC Anabolic (synthesis) Reaction A reaction that occurs when small, simple subunits are united by chemical bonds to make large, more complex substances