BIO 210 LAB EXAM 1 | QUESTIONS & ANSWERS (VERIFIED) | LATEST UPDATE | GRADED A+

1 BIO 210 LAB EXAM 1 | QUESTIONS & ANSWERS (VERIFIED) | LATEST UPDATE | GRADED A+ ____________are substances (solid, liquid, or gas) dissolved by solvents in a solution (lesser amount). Correct Answer: solutes ________are the substances that dissolve solutes (greater amount). Correct Answer: solvents ___________contain a solvent and the solute. Correct Answer: solutions. Example: Salt dissolved in water. Which is the solute and which is the solvent? Correct Answer: salt is solute water is solvent Carbon dioxide becomes dissolved by the blood plasma. Which part is the solute? Correct Answer: carbon dioxide 2 Carbon dioxide becomes dissolved by the blood plasma. Which part is the solvent? Correct Answer: blood plasma ___________means that the movement of the substances across the membrane requires no energy or ATP. Correct Answer: passive methods of transport Types of passive transport include: Correct Answer: diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion. The type of passive transport used by the cell is dictated by the 1.________ and 2.________ of the substance. Correct Answer: charge, size During this type of transport energy or ATP is required? Correct Answer: Active methods of transport. Examples of diffusable substances: Correct Answer: gases and salts ___________Water always follow what substances during diffusion and osmosis? 3 Correct Answer: salt or highest solute concentration A cell is moving some small molecules with their concentration gradient through the phospholipids. What type of membrane transport is the cell using? Correct Answer: diffusion The 2 major parts of the cell cycle are: Correct Answer: 1. Interphase 2. Mitosis Interphase includes what subphases? Correct Answer: G1, S, G2 Where does mitosis occur (in what types of cells)? Correct Answer: somatic How many cells result from mitosis? Correct Answer: 2 Are the 2 cells created during mitosis identical? Correct Answer: Yes, they have the same DNA; they just express themselves differently. 4 During this phase the nucleus has disappeared and duplicated. Chromosomes are visible, centrosomes begin moving apart and spindle is in process of forming. Correct Answer: Prophase During this phase centromeres of duplicated chromosomes are aligned at the equator (center of fully formed spindle). Spindle fibers attached to the sister chromatids come from opposite spindle poles. Correct Answer: Metaphase During this phase sister chromatids part and become daughter chromosomes that move toward the spindle poles. In this way, each pole receives the same number and kinds of chromosomes as the parent cell. Correct Answer: Anaphase During this phase daughter cells are forming as nuclear envelopes and nucleoli reappear. Chromosomes will become indistinct chromatin. Correct Answer: Telophase Is mitosis the same as the cell cycle? Correct Answer: no it is a part of the cell cycle Where does interphase fit into the cell cycle? Correct Answer: before and after mitosis 5 what phase does a cell enter after telophase? Correct Answer: interphase Does a cell spend more of its life in interphase or in Mitosis? Correct Answer: interphase What is the purpose of the mitotic spindle fibers? Correct Answer: to attach to the chromosomes to help separate them During which phase of mitosis are the chromosomes separated and pulled toward opposite ends of the cells by the mitotic spindle fibers? Correct Answer: anaphase During which phase of mitosis does the nuclear envelope disappear, the mitotic spindle fibers form, and the chromosomes appear as DNA? Correct Answer: prophase Does mitosis make sex cells like egg and sperm? Correct Answer: no that is meiosis During which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate? Correct Answer: metaphase 6 Location of Epithelial Tissue Simple Squamous: Correct Answer: lung, alveoli, serous membranes, capillaries. Function of Epithelial Tissue Simple Squamous: Correct Answer: filtration, diffusion, secretion, reduces friction/abrasion Location of Epithelial Tissue stratified squamous: Correct Answer: epidermis, lining of: mouth, esophagus, vagina, anal canal. Function of Epithelial Tissue stratified squamous: Correct Answer: protection from abrasion, pathogens, or chemical attack. Location of Epithelial Tissue simple cuboidal: Correct Answer: ovary surface, lining of kidney tubules, ducts and secretory portions of glands. Function of Epithelial Tissue simple cuboidal: Correct Answer: secretion, absorption Location of Epithelial Tissue simple columnar: Correct Answer: lining of digestive tract (from stomach to rectum), gallbladder, collecting ducts of kidneys, uterine tubes. 7 Function of Epithelial Tissue simple columnar: Correct Answer: secretion, absorption Epithelial Tissue Pseudostratified cell types: Correct Answer: cilia, goblet cells Location of Epithelial Tissue pseudostratified columnar: Correct Answer: lining of nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi, portions of male reproductive tract. Function of Epithelial Tissue pseudostratified columnar: Correct Answer: protection, secretion and propel mucus. Location of Epithelial Tissue transitional: Correct Answer: lining of ureters, urinary bladder, renal pelvis of kidneys Function of Epithelial Tissue transitional: Correct Answer: distension/stretching Connective Tissue Loose Areolar cell and fiber types: Correct Answer: fibroblasts elastic fibers 8 collagen fibers reticular fibers Loose Areolar Location: Correct Answer: Deep to all epithelial tissues, surrounding organs Loose Areolar Function: Correct Answer: Wrap and cushions organs Connective Tissue Loose Adipose cell and fiber types: Correct Answer: adipocytes Loose Adipose Location: Correct Answer: Hypodermis and breasts Loose Adipose Function: Correct Answer: Insulation and energy storage Connective Tissue Loose Reticular cell and fiber types: Correct Answer: fibroblasts reticular fibers Loose Reticular Location: 9 Correct Answer: Liver and Kidneys Loose Reticular Function: Correct Answer: Support via a soft tissue skeleton Connective Tissue Dense Regular cell and fiber types: Correct Answer: fibroblasts collagen fibers Dense Regular Location: Correct Answer: Tendons and Ligaments Dense Regular Function: Correct Answer: Strong attachments of body parts in one direction Connective Tissue Dense Irregular cell and fiber types: Correct Answer: fibroblasts collagen fibers Dense Irregular Location: Correct Answer: Dermis of skin and Fibrous capsules of joints Dense Irregular Function: 10 Correct Answer: Strong attachments of body parts in different directions Connective Tissue Dense Elastic cell and fiber types: Correct Answer: elastic fibers Dense Elastic Location: Correct Answer: Between vertebrae and vocal cords Dense Elastic Function: Correct Answer: Stretch without deforming Connective Tissue Hyaline Cartilage cell and fiber types: Correct Answer: lacunae chondrocytes Hyaline Cartilage Location: Correct Answer: Ends of long bones and costal cartilage Hyaline Cartilage Function: Correct Answer: Flexible support and reduces friction Connective Tissue Fibrocartilage cell and fiber types: Correct Answer: lacunae 11 chondrocytes Fibrocartilage Location: Correct Answer: Intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis Fibrocartilage Function: Correct Answer: Shock absorber, prevents bone-to-bone contact Elastic Cartilage Location: Correct Answer: Outer ear and epiglottis Elastic Cartilage Function: Correct Answer: Maintains shape with flexible support Connective Tissue Osseous Tissue cell and fiber types: Correct Answer: lacunae with osteocytes central canal Osseous Tissue Location: Correct Answer: Shaft of long bones and outer surface of bones Osseous Tissue Function: Correct Answer: Protection and support 12 Connective Tissue Blood cell and fiber types: Correct Answer: leukocytes (WBC) erthrocytes (RBC) thrombocytes (platelets) Blood Location: Correct Answer: Heart and veins Blood Function: Correct Answer: Transport and immunity Smooth Muscle Location: Correct Answer: Walls of stomach and large arteries Smooth Muscle Function: Correct Answer: Propels substances through body and peristalsis Muscle Tissue Cardiac identifying markings: Correct Answer: intercalated disks striations Cardiac Muscle Location: 13 Correct Answer: Heart Cardiac Muscle Function: Correct Answer: Pumps blood and contractions are involuntary Muscle Tissue Skeletal identifying markings: Correct Answer: striations multinucliated Skeletal Muscle Location: Correct Answer: Attached to skeleton and facial tissue Skeletal Muscle Function: Correct Answer: Voluntary movement and involuntary shivering Nervous Tissue Neuron identifying markings: Correct Answer: neuroglia, neuron, (dendrites, body, axon) Nervous Tissue Location: Correct Answer: Brain and spinal cord Nervous Tissue Function: Correct Answer: Sense stimuli and control effectors 14 Inversion Correct Answer: Results when the image is flipped both vertically and horizontally through the lens. Total magnification Correct Answer: When you are seeing an object through the eyepieces of a compound microscope, the image that you are actually seeing is being magnified twice: by the eyepieces AND the objective lens you are using to view an object. Parfocal Correct Answer: having corresponding focal points all in the same plane : having sets of objectives or eyepieces so mounted that they may be interchanged without varying the focus of the instrument (as a microscope) with which they are used Field of View (vision) Correct Answer: Sometimes abbreviated "FOV", it is the diameter of the circle of light that you see when looking into a microscope. As the power gets greater, the field of view gets smaller. You can measure this by placing a clear metric ruler on the stage and counting the millimeters from one side to the other. 15 Define anatomy: Correct Answer: The study of the structure and the shape of. Concerned with the structure of a part as well as its relationship with other structures. Define physiology: Correct Answer: concerned with a body parts function both individually and as a component of an entire system. How are the bodies of multicellular living organisms----like us-----organized? Correct Answer: atoms--organelles--cells--tissues--organs--organ system-organisms Describe anatomical position: Correct Answer: standing erect, face forward, arms at sides, and palms and toes directed forward. Why us anatomical position? Correct Answer: Because anatomical terms are useful only if everyone has in mind the same position of the body and is using the same reference points. _______means toward the head. Correct Answer: superior ______means away from the head. 16 Correct Answer: inferior _______(or ventral) means toward the face. Correct Answer: anterior ______(or dorsal)means away from the face; toward the backside. Correct Answer: posterior _______ means toward the midline of the body. Correct Answer: medial ______means away from the midline of the body. Correct Answer: lateral ______means farther from the point of attachment of a limb. Correct Answer: distal _____means closer to the point of attachment of a limb. Correct Answer: proximal ______means toward the organs. Correct Answer: deep 17 _____means toward the surface of the body (like the skin) Correct Answer: superficial My wrist is _________ and ________ to my elbow Correct Answer: distal, inferior My shoulder is _______ and _______ to my elbow. Correct Answer: proximal, superior The navel is _______ to the spine. Correct Answer: anterior The breast bone is _______ and ______ to the shoulder socket. Correct Answer: medial, anterior The skin is ________ to the heart and lungs. Correct Answer: superficial The spine is __________ to the breast bone. Correct Answer: posterior The lungs are ______ to the ribcage. Correct Answer: deep 18 The ear is on the ______ surface of the head (in anatomical position) Correct Answer: lateral A _______ section divides the body into left and right portions. Correct Answer: sagittal A _______ or ________section divides the body into equal left and right halves. Correct Answer: sagittal, midsagittal A ______ section divides the body into superior and inferior portions. Correct Answer: transverse A ________or __________ section divides the body into anterior and posterior. Correct Answer: frontal, coronal What is the plane for A? Correct Answer: sagittal or midsagittal What is the plane for B? Correct Answer: frontal or coronal What is the plane for C? 19 Correct Answer: transverse To scan an image of the brain from the anterior to the posterior side, you would follow along a ________ plane. Correct Answer: frontal To make an incision that transversely divides one vertebrae from the next, you must be making a division between _________ and ________ portions. Correct Answer: superior and inferior Ron has diabetes and had his left leg amputated below the knee. The surgeons made a ____________ section to remove the inferior portion of his leg. Correct Answer: transverse "To cut your nose off in spite of your face" is an expression that means the nose would be removed along the ________ plane. Correct Answer: frontal Van Gogh was an artist who removed his ear; he must have made a _________ section to remove it from the rest of his head. Correct Answer: sagittal 20 The diaphragm rests beneath the lungs, making a _______ plane between thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities on the ventral side of the body. Correct Answer: transverse A bone broken along a cross section is broken into ______ and ______portions. Correct Answer: superior and inferior To scan an image of the brain from front (anterior) to back (posterior) would require a _______ scan. Correct Answer: frontal or coronal Opthalmic Correct Answer: Eye Otic Correct Answer: Ear Nasal Correct Answer: Nose Oral Correct Answer: Mouth 21 Cephalic Correct Answer: Head Frontal Correct Answer: Forehead Orbital Correct Answer: Eye Cavity Buccal Correct Answer: Cheek Mental Correct Answer: Chin Cervical Correct Answer: Neck Deltoid Correct Answer: Shoulder Axillary Correct Answer: Armpit 22 Mammary Correct Answer: Breast Brachial Correct Answer: Arm Antecubital Correct Answer: Front of elbow Abdominal Correct Answer: Abdomen Antebrachial Correct Answer: Forearm Carpal Correct Answer: Wrist Palmer Correct Answer: Palm Digital 23 Correct Answer: Finger Genital Correct Answer: Reproductive organs Patellar Correct Answer: Knee Crural Correct Answer: Leg Tarsal Correct Answer: Ankle Sternal Correct Answer: Sternum Pectoral Correct Answer: Chest Umbilical Correct Answer: Navel 24 Inguinal Correct Answer: Groin Coxal Correct Answer: Hip Pedal Correct Answer: Foot Occipital Correct Answer: Back of the head Vertebral Correct Answer: Spinal Column Dorsum Correct Answer: Of the hand/foot Cubital Correct Answer: Elbow Lumbar Correct Answer: Lower back 25 Sacral Correct Answer: Below lower back Gluteal Correct Answer: Buttocks Perineal Correct Answer: Rectum, anus Femoral Correct Answer: Thigh Popliteal Correct Answer: Back of the knee Sural Correct Answer: Calf Plantar Correct Answer: Sole of the foot Calcaneal 26 Correct Answer: Heel ____ ____ cavity is found on the anterior side of the body. Correct Answer: Ventral body The ventral body cavity contains two cavities : Correct Answer: thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity ________ cavity contains the heart and lung organs and is formed by the ribcage. Correct Answer: thoracic The _________, your breathing muscle, separates the thoracic from the abdominopelvic cavities. Correct Answer: diaphragm The middle area of the thoracic cavity where the heart is housed and the esophagus and trachea are found is called the _______________. Correct Answer: mediastinum __________ cavity: houses many organs. There aren't any bones protecting this area (except for the little protection from the pelvic bones). Correct Answer: abdominopelvic 27 The _______ cavity contains the gastrointestinal (GI) systems while the ______ cavity contains the bladder, reproductive organs and some GI organs. Correct Answer: abdominal, pelvic The abdominopelvic cavity has 4 quadrants what are they: Correct Answer: Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ) Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ) Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ) What abdominopelvic region is A? Correct Answer: Right Hypochondriac Region What abdominopelvic region is B? Correct Answer: Epigastric Region What abdominopelvic region is C? Correct Answer: Left Hypochondriac Region What abdominopelvic region is D? Correct Answer: Right Lumber Region What abdominiopelvic region is E? 28 Correct Answer: Umbilical Region What abdominopelvic region is F? Correct Answer: Left Lumbar Region What abdominopelvic region is G? Correct Answer: Right Iliac Region What abdominopelvic region is H? Correct Answer: Hypogastric Region What abdominopelvic region is I? Correct Answer: Left Iliac Region What abdominopelvic quadrant is A? Correct Answer: Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ) What abdominopelvic quadrant is B? Correct Answer: Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ) What abdominopelvic quadrant is C? Correct Answer: Righter Lower Quadrant (RLQ) 29 What abdominopelvic quadrant is D? Correct Answer: Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ) _______ body cavity is found on the posterior side of the body. Correct Answer: dorsal The dorsal body cavity contains 2 cavities what are they: Correct Answer: cranial cavity and spinal or vertebral cavity ______ cavity: which houses the _______. Correct Answer: cranial, brain Spinal or vertebral cavity: which houses the _________. Correct Answer: spinal cord What body cavity is 1? Correct Answer: cranial cavity What body cavity is 2? Correct Answer: dorsal or spinal cavity What body cavity is 3? Correct Answer: thoracic cavity 30 What body cavity is 4? Correct Answer: abdominal cavity The umbilical region is ___________ to the epigastric region. Correct Answer: inferior The left hypochondriac region is _______ to the epigastric region. Correct Answer: lateral, peripheral The thoracic cavity contains these organs: Correct Answer: heart and lungs The diaphragm separates the _______ cavity from the ______ cavity. Correct Answer: thoracic, abdominopelvic The dorsal body cavity has two subdivisions: the ______ cavity which houses the brain and the ______ cavity which contains the spinal cord. Correct Answer: cranial; spinal Define Homeostasis: Correct Answer: The maintenance of a constant internal environment within the body; it's a dynamic equilibrium. 31 To maintain proper homeostasis we need: Correct Answer: nutrients, oxygen, water, body temperature of 98.6 degrees F Negative feedback loop: ________inhibits ________. Correct Answer: output, input The release of a product _________ any further production to reach homeostasis. Correct Answer: inhibits The role of the effector in negative feedback is to ______ the original stimulus (shut off the system). Correct Answer: cancel Negative feedback mechanism: Correct Answer: stimulus sensory receptor regulatory center motor nerve effector ______(=input) can be either internal or external. Correct Answer: stimulus 32 _____ _____ carries the message to the brain or spinal cord Correct Answer: sensory receptor _______ _______(brain) interprets the information and turns on an effector. Correct Answer: regulatory center _____ ______ carries the message from the brain or spinal cord to an effector. Correct Answer: motor nerve ______(=output) glands or organs bring about a response that cancels the original stimulus. Correct Answer: effector Example of negative feedback loop: Correct Answer: Being too hot or too cold Define Positive feedback loop: _______enhances _______. Correct Answer: output, output During positive feedback loop the response ______ or ______ the original stimulus. Correct Answer: intensifies, enhances 33 The effector ______ the stimulus to restore homeostasis. Correct Answer: enhances Example of positive feedback loop: Correct Answer: blood clotting using platelets, oxytocin, chronic heart failure (CHF), childbirth. Oxytocin is an example of a ______ feedback loop because the contractions (change in the body) triggers more change (release of oxytocin by the pituitary gland) until the baby is born. Correct Answer: positive The regulation of blood sugar is an example of a ________ feedback loop because once the blood sugar has been restored to normal levels by insulin, the production of insulin is inhibited. Correct Answer: negative ________the diffuision of water across a membrane through channels called aquaporins. Correct Answer: osmosis Water always follows ____________. Correct Answer: salt 34 _________ Solutions: the cell and its surrounding solution or environment have equal concentrations. Correct Answer: isotonic ___________Solutions:the cell is placed in a solution which has a lower solute concentration that the cell's solute concentration. Correct Answer: hypotonic ___________Solutions: the cell is placed in a solution which has a higher solute concentration than the cell's solute concentration. Correct Answer: hypertonic Where is the higher concentration of solutes? Will water move in or out of this cell? Will this cell bloat or shrivel? What type of solution is it? Correct Answer: outside the cell out shrivel hypertonic Where is the higher concentration of solutes? 35 Will water move in or out of this cell? Will this cell bloat or shrivel? What type of solution is it? Correct Answer: inside the cell in bloat hypotonic Where is the higher concentration of solutes? Will water move in or out of this cell? Will this cell bloat or shrivel? What type of solution is it? Correct Answer: they are the same neither neither isotonic A cell with a higher solute concentration than the solution in which it is placed will: Correct Answer: lose water A cell with the same solute concentration as its environment will experience: Correct Answer: no net movement of water into or out of the cell 36 In order to rehydrate the eyes, eyedrops should be ______ in relation to the saline of the eyes. Correct Answer: hypotonic A patient is receiving a drip of 5% dextrose. At this rate, the concentration of dextrose is isotonic to the blood stream. If we increase the concentration of dextrose, then dextrose becomes _______to the blood stream. Correct Answer: hypertonic If you were to drink sea water as opposed to tap water, you would expect your body's cells to: Correct Answer: lose water to equalize concentration _______ _________ is a type of selective transport in which specific substances are moved into a cell by means of _________ ________. Correct Answer: facilitated diffusion, protein channels Mitosis includes what subphases? Correct Answer: Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase _______: the cell carries on its regular activities and it also gets ready to divide if its about to complete the cell cycle. Correct Answer: Interphase 37 ________: the portion of the cell cycle when the cell reproduces itself (cell division) Correct Answer: Mitosis What is mitosis? Correct Answer: cell reproduction or cell division What is the purpose of mitosis? Correct Answer: growth, repair, and maintenance of the body's cells