BIO 210 LECTURE EXAM 2 | QUESTIONS & ANSWERS (VERIFIED) | LATEST UPDATE | GRADED A+

1 BIO 210 LECTURE EXAM 2 | QUESTIONS & ANSWERS (VERIFIED) | LATEST UPDATE | GRADED A+ Integumentary system Correct Answer: consist of skin and its derivatives The integument Correct Answer: is the skin covering the body the integument Correct Answer: also known as the cutaneous membrane Dermatology Correct Answer: its scientific study and treatment of the integumentary system The integument Correct Answer: the body's largest organ Layers of the skin 2 Correct Answer: epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous layer(not considered in the integument) Epidermis Correct Answer: stratified squamous epithelium Dermis Correct Answer: deep layer, primarily dense irregular connective tissue Subcutaneous layer Correct Answer: deep to dermis, Layer of areolar and other connective tissue, hypodermis or superficial fascia, Not part of the integument(true skin) but is still part of integumentary system Thick skin Correct Answer: on the palms of hands, soles of feet and surfaces of fingers and toes, All five layers of the epidermal strata, Has sweat glands thick skin Correct Answer: has no hair follicles or sebaceous glands Thin skin 3 Correct Answer: lacks a stratum lucidum, has sweat glands, hair follicles and sebaceous glands Hemoglobin Correct Answer: an oxygen binding compound, Bright red color upon binding oxygen, More visible when blood vessels dilate Melanin Correct Answer: black, brown, tan, yellow-brown shades Melanocytes Correct Answer: pigment of melanin is produced and stored here UV light Correct Answer: stimulating melanin production melanin Correct Answer: darker skinned producing more and dark colored Carotene Correct Answer: yellow, orange pigment, acquired from yellow-orange vegetables, converted to vitamin A within the body 4 Nevus Correct Answer: a mole, harmless overgrowth of melanin forming cells Freckle Correct Answer: yellowish brown spots, represent localized areas of increased melanocyte activity Hemangioma Correct Answer: skin discoloration due to benign blood vessel tumor Capillary hemangiomas Correct Answer: usually present at birth and disappear in childhood, strawberry colored birthmarks Cavernous hemangiomas Correct Answer: may last a lifetime, port-wine stains Friction ridges Correct Answer: complex arches and whorls on finger, palms, soles, and toes, formed from large folds and valleys of the dermis and epidermis, interlocking of epidermal ridges and dermal papilla, help increase fiction on contact, each individual with unique pattern of these 5 Dermis Correct Answer: deep to the epidermis, composed of connective tissue Two layersof the dermis Correct Answer: papillary and reticular layer Lines of cleavage, stretch marks, and wrinkles Correct Answer: collagen and elastic fibers oriented in parallel bundles Incisions parallel for surgery Correct Answer: more likely to heal quickly, scarring reduced Incisions perpendicular to cleavage lines for surgery Correct Answer: more likely to open due to cut elastic fibers, scarring increases Stretch marks Correct Answer: striae Dermal blood vessels Correct Answer: supply nutrients to epidermis and dermis, play an important role in body temperature and blood pressure regulation Vasoconstriction 6 Correct Answer: blood vessel diameters narrowed, look pale when exposed to cold Vasodilation Correct Answer: blood vessel diameter increased, occurs when needing to loose heat, why people become flushed during exercise Subcutaneous layer Correct Answer: not considered part of the integument, not the true skin, the layer underneath the skin Functions of the subcutaneous layer Correct Answer: acts as energy reservoir, provides thermal insulation, drugs often inject here Epidermal derivatives Correct Answer: nails, hair, exocrine glands derived from epidermal epithelium Hair is found almost everywhere on the body besides Correct Answer: the hands and palmar surface of fingers, the siders and soles of the feet and toes, the lips, portions of the external genital Three types of hair Correct Answer: lanugo, vellus, terminal 7 Lanugo hair Correct Answer: fine, un-pigmented, downy hair Vellus hair Correct Answer: fine hair, primary human hair, found on upper and lower limbs Terminal hair Correct Answer: coarser, pigmented, longer, on scalp, eyebrows, and eyelashes, men's beards, during puberty replaces vellus hair in axillary and public regions Functions of the hair Correct Answer: protection, heat retention, sensory reception, visual identification, chemical signal dispersal Disperse pheromones Correct Answer: chemical signals involved in attracting sexual partners Hair color Correct Answer: results from synthesis of melanin in the matrix adjacent to hair, reflects genetic, environmental and hormonal factors, becomes lighter with age as pigment production decreases 8 Growth rate of hair Correct Answer: one-third mm per day in the scalp for 2 to 5 years, enters formant phase of 3 to 4 months, eventually pushed out and replaced by new hair Hair loss Correct Answer: normal scalp to loss of 10-100 hairs per day Alopecia Correct Answer: thinning of hair, usually result of aging Two most common types of exocrine glands Correct Answer: sweat glands and sebaceous glands Sweat glands Correct Answer: Merocrine and apocrine glands Merocrine Correct Answer: most numerous and widely distributed sweat glands, secrete sweat sensible perspiration Correct Answer: sweating and knowing you are Insensible perspiration 9 Correct Answer: involuntary, the loss of fluid by evaporation through the stratum corneum Major function of thermoregulation Correct Answer: produce exocytosis Apocrine sweat glands Correct Answer: discharge their secretions into hair follicles, found in axillae, around nipples, in pubic and anal region, produce odor when acted on by bacteria Sebaceous glands Correct Answer: produce oily secretion called sebum Holocrine glands Correct Answer: activated during puberty Ceruminous glands Correct Answer: located only in the external acoustic auditory canal, produce cerumen (earwax) Earwax Correct Answer: cerumen 10 Mammary glands Correct Answer: produce milk, apocrine glands of the breast Epidermis functions Correct Answer: acts as a physical barrier, prevention of water loss, Metabolic regulation of vitamin D Correct Answer: also termed cholecalciferol, transported to kidney and converted to calcitriol Metabolic regulation of calcitriol Correct Answer: the active form of vitamin D, increased absorption of calcium and phosphate, important in regulating blood levels of calcium and phosphate, synthesized in the kidneys UV rays Correct Answer: cause melanocytes to produce melanin Secretion Correct Answer: waste products secreted onto skin surface during sweating Electrolytes Correct Answer: prevent dehydration 11 Absorption Correct Answer: selectively permeable Transdermal administration Correct Answer: some oil soluble drugs delivered by adhesive patch Dendritic cells Correct Answer: within the stratum spinosum of the epidermis, initiate immune response against pathogens Dermis functions Correct Answer: temperature regulation, sensory reception Regeneration Correct Answer: replacement of damaged cells with same cell type, restores organ function Fibrosis Correct Answer: gap filled with scar tissue, collagen fibers build, you get a scar Stages of wound healing 12 Correct Answer: 1. Cut blood vessels bleed into wound 2. Blood clot forms and leukocytes clean wound 3. blood vessels regrown and granulation tissue forms 4. epithelium regenerates and connective tissue fibrosis occurs first degree burns Correct Answer: only involved epidermis, slight redness and pain, immerse burned area in cool water second degree burn Correct Answer: involve epidermis and part of dermis, skin blistered and painful, slight scarring third degree burn Correct Answer: involve epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer, require hospitalization rule of nines Correct Answer: test the severity of the burn skin changes with aging Correct Answer: decrease collagen fibers basal cell carcinoma 13 Correct Answer: most common type of skin cancer, does not spread squamous cell carcinoma Correct Answer: may spread, arises from keratinocytes of stratum spinosum melanoma Correct Answer: most deadly type of skin cancer due to aggressive growth and metastasis skeletal system Correct Answer: Bones, cartilage, ligaments, other connective tissues bones Correct Answer: primary organs of the system, form framework of the body, perform multiple functions compact bone Correct Answer: dense or cortical bone, relatively dense connective bone tissue, 80% of bone mass spongy bone Correct Answer: cancellous or trabecular bone, located internal to compact bone, appears porous, 20% of bone mass 14 cartilage Correct Answer: semi-rigid connective tissue, more flexible than bone hyaline cartilage Correct Answer: supportive, connective, most common, lines joints fibrocartilage Correct Answer: supportive connective, intervertebral disc, pubic symphysis, meniscus of kneww elastic cartilage Correct Answer: supportive, connective, external ear, epiglottis ligaments Correct Answer: anchor bone to bone tendons Correct Answer: anchor muscle to bone functions of bone Correct Answer: support and protection, leverage for muscles to move the bones, hemopoiesis, storage of mineral and energy reserves 15 bones function Correct Answer: as a system of levers for a muscles to contract and move the bones hemopoiesis Correct Answer: the process of blood cell production calcium Correct Answer: most abundant mineral in our body, stored in bones phosphate Correct Answer: is also stored in bones calcium is needed for Correct Answer: muscle contraction, blood clotting, nerve impulse transmission phosphate is required for Correct Answer: ATP utilization, plasma membrane lipids Correct Answer: stored in yellow bone marrow, in shafts of some adult bones four classes of bone determined by shape 16 Correct Answer: long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones short bones Correct Answer: length nearly equal to their width flat bones Correct Answer: flat, thin surfaces, may be slightly curved, provide surfaces for muscle attachment, protect underlying soft tissue irregular Correct Answer: have elaborate shapes gross anatomy of a long bone Correct Answer: greater in length than in width, most common type of bone shape, vary in size diaphysis Correct Answer: elongated, shaft area of the bone medullary cavity Correct Answer: central space along the shaft containing bone marrow epiphysis 17 Correct Answer: wide part at each end, proximal and distal metaphysis Correct Answer: area between epiphysis and diaphysis, location of epiphyseal plate aka the growth plate periosteum Correct Answer: tough sheath covering outer surface of bone endosteum Correct Answer: covers all internal surfaces of bone only long bones have Correct Answer: the medullary cavity nutrient foramen Correct Answer: allow arteries and veins to come in red bone marrow Correct Answer: also known as myeloid tissue, located in medullary cavity of children, axial skeleton of adults like the ribs, skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, ossa coxae yellow bone marrow 18 Correct Answer: produced by red bone marrow regeneration, fatty substance cells of bone Correct Answer: osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts osteoprogenitor cells Correct Answer: "ancestor cells" aka stem cells osteoblasts Correct Answer: bone builders, form new bone matrix, synthesize and secrete osteoid osteoid Correct Answer: bone without calcium osteocytes Correct Answer: mature bone cells, maintain bone matrix, most common type of bone cells osteoclasts Correct Answer: bone clearers/clutter cells, break down dissolve the bone matrix organic components 19 Correct Answer: osteoid produced by osteoblasts, collagen fibers, give bone tensile strength by resisting stretching, contribute to bone flexibility inorganic components Correct Answer: made of salt crystals, primarily calcium phosphate, interacts with calcium hydroxide, harden the matrix and account for relative rigidity of bones without the balance of inorganic and organic substances Correct Answer: loss of protein resulting in brittle bones, insufficient calcium resulting in soft bones bone formation Correct Answer: begins with secretion of osteoid, proceeds with calcification calcification Correct Answer: when hydroxyapatine crystals deposited vitamin D Correct Answer: enhances calcium absorption from gastrointestinal tract Vitamin C Correct Answer: needed for collagen formation 20 requires calcium and phosphate for Correct Answer: calcification bone resorption Correct Answer: bone matrix destroyed by substances released from osteoclasts, proteolytic enzymes released from lysosomes wit osteons Correct Answer: compact bone is composed of osteon Correct Answer: basic functional and structural unit of mature compact bone, appears like a bull's eye target components of compact bone Correct Answer: central canal, concentric lamellae, osteocyte, canaliculi, perforating canals, circumferential lamellae, interstitial lamellae central canal Correct Answer: part of compact bone, blood vessels and nerves traveling here concentric lamellae 21 Correct Answer: part of compact bone, surround the central canal, contain collagen fibers that form each osteon osteocyte Correct Answer: part of compact bone, mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix canaliculi Correct Answer: part of compact bone, tiny channels, passageways that supply nutrients to osteocytes, also removes waste perforating canals Correct Answer: part of compact bone, contain blood vessels and nerves, run perpendicular to the central canals circumferential lamellae Correct Answer: part of compact bone that runs the entire circumference of bone, binds all osteons together interstitial lamellae Correct Answer: part of compact bone, remnants of old osteons that have been recycled components of spongy bone: Correct Answer: no osteons, only trabeculae 22 trabeculae Correct Answer: only found in spongy bone, open lattice of narrow rods and plates of bones structure of hyaline cartilage Correct Answer: resilient and flexible, high percentage of water, good shock absorber, avascular and contains no nerves, consists of chondroblasts, chondrocytes, perichondruim Chondroblasts Correct Answer: produce cartilage matrix Chondrocytes Correct Answer: maintain the matrix of cartilage Perichondrium Correct Answer: covers cartilage and helps maintain its shape Process of cartilage growth: Correct Answer: interstitial and appositional growth Interstitial growth 23 Correct Answer: growth in length, internal region of cartilage Appositional growth Correct Answer: growth in width, on the external outside edge of cartilage Ossification Correct Answer: also known as Osteogenesis, the formation and development of bone connective tissue, occurs through intramembranous ossification or endochondral ossification Intramembranous ossification Correct Answer: dermal ossification, mesenchyme is the starting material of the bone, examples of bones that form this way are flat bones of the skull, some facial bones, mandible, central part of the clavicle Steps of intramembranous ossification Correct Answer: 1. Ossification centers form within thickened regions of mesenchyme 2. Osteoid undergoes calcification 3. Woven bone (primary bone) and surrounding periosteum form 4. Lamellar bone (secondary bone) replaces woven bone Endochondral ossification 24 Correct Answer: begins with hyaline cartilage, produces most bones of the skeleton, bones of the upper and lower limbs, pelvis, vertebrae, ends of the clavicle steps of endochondral ossification Correct Answer: 1. The fetal hyaline cartilage model develops 2. Cartilage calcified and a periosteal bone collar forms around diaphysis 3. Primary ossification center (first major center of bone formation) forms in the diaphysis 4. Secondary ossification centers form in the epiphyses 5. Bone replaces cartilage, expect articular cartilage and epiphyseal plates 6. epiphyseal plates ossify and form epiphyseal lines bone growth and remodeling Correct Answer: begin during embryologic development interstitial growth Correct Answer: bone growth in length, occurs at the epiphyseal plate of bones appositional growth Correct Answer: bone growth in width, occurs in the periosteum of bones bone remodeling Correct Answer: continual process of bone deposition and resorption 25 mechanical stress Correct Answer: occurs in weight-bearing movement in exercise, required for normal bone remodeling, makes the bones stronger increase bone mass Correct Answer: weight bearing activities, can increase total bone mass through the lifetime decreased bone mass Correct Answer: from removal of mechanical stress, reduced collagen formation, demineralization hormones Correct Answer: molecules released from one cell into the blood, travel through the body to affect other cells growth hormone Correct Answer: stimulates liver to produced another hormone called somatomedin, both directly stimulating growth of cartilage in epiphyseal plate thyroid hormone 26 Correct Answer: influences basal metabolic rate of bone cells, helps regulate normal activity at the epiphyseal plate sex hormones Correct Answer: estrogen and testosterone, dramatically accelerate bone growth, increase rate of cartilage growth and bone formation in epiphyseal plate, results in increased length of long bones, growth plate closing more quickly in response to estrogen estrogen Correct Answer: causes interstitial growth to end sooner than testosterone, why females tend to be shorter glucocorticoids Correct Answer: regulate blood glucose level, high amounts increasing bone loss serotonin Correct Answer: plays roles in rate and regulation of normal bone remodeling, keep things normal calcium is required for Correct Answer: initiation of muscle contraction, exocytosis of molecules from cells, including neurons, blood clotting 27 two primary hormones regulate blood calcium Correct Answer: calcitonin and parathyroid hormone vitamin D activated to calcitriol in three steps Correct Answer: 1. UV light converts precursor molecule in blood to Vitamin D called cholecalciferol 2. Cholecalciferol (vitamin D) circulates through the body, Cholecalciferol is converted into calcidiol in the kidneys, then converted to calcitriol by liver 3. Calcitriol circulates in blood, Calcitriol stimulating absorption of calcium ions from the small intestine into the blood Parathyroid hormone Correct Answer: secreted in response to reduced blood calcium levels, increases blood calcium levels, Stimulates osteoclasts cells and inhibit osteoblasts cells Rickets Correct Answer: disease caused by vitamin D deficiency in childhood, characterized by deficient calcification of osteoid tissue, acquire bowlegged appearance, disturbances in growth, hypocalcemia, and tetanus, continues to occur in some developing nations, incidence increasing in urban US children Calcitonin 28 Correct Answer: decreases blood calcium levels, stimulates osteoblasts, inhibits osteoclast activity in bone connective tissue, less calcium released from bone into blood, stimulates kidneys to increase loss of calcium in the urine, reducing blood calcium levels, opposite of the parathyroid hormone Calcitonin is Correct Answer: bonin, it takes the blood calcium and puts it into the bone Osteopenia Correct Answer: insufficient ossification displays reduction in bone calcium Osteoporosis Correct Answer: reduced bone mass sufficient to compromise normal function, occurs in a significant percentage of older people Fracture Correct Answer: breaks in the bone Stress fracture Correct Answer: thin break caused by increased physical activity, bone experiences repetitive loads Pathologic fracture 29 Correct Answer: occurs in bone weakened by disease Simple fracture Correct Answer: broken bone not penetrating the skin aka closed fracture Compound fracture Correct Answer: one or both ends piercing overlying skin aka open fracture avulsion fracture Correct Answer: complete severing of a body part colles fracture Correct Answer: fracture of the distal end of the lateral forearm bone, produces a dinner fork deformity comminuted fracture Correct Answer: bone is splintered into several small pieces between the main parts complete fracture Correct Answer: bone is broken into two more more pieces compound fracture Correct Answer: broken ends of the bone protrude through the skin 30 compression fracture Correct Answer: bone is squashed depressed fracture Correct Answer: broken part of bone formed a concavity displaced fracture Correct Answer: fractured bone parts are out of anatomic alignment epiphyseal fracture Correct Answer: epiphysis is separated from the diaphysis at the epiphyseal plate greenstick fracture Correct Answer: partial fracture, one side of bone breaks, the other side is bent hairline fracture Correct Answer: fine crack in which sections of bone remain aligned impacted fracture Correct Answer: one fragment of bone is firmly driven into the other incomplete fracture 31 Correct Answer: partial fracture extends only partway across the bone linear fracture Correct Answer: fracture is parallel to the long axis of the bone oblique fracture Correct Answer: diagonal fracture at an angle pathologic fracture Correct Answer: weakening of bone caused by disease process pott fracture Correct Answer: fracture at the distal ends of the tibia and fibula spiral fracture Correct Answer: fracture spirals around axis of long bone, results from twisting stress, takes longest time to heal stress fracture Correct Answer: thin fractures due to repeated, stressful impact such as running transverse fracture Correct Answer: fracture is at right angles to the long axis of the bone 32 Fracture healing Correct Answer: 1. Fracture hematoma forms from clotted blood- blood vessels torn within periosteum 2. Fibrocartilaginous callus forms 3. Hard (bony) callus forms 4. The bone is remodeled Articulations Correct Answer: place of contact between bones, bones to cartilage, or bones and teeth Anthology Correct Answer: scientific study of joints Inverse relationship between mobility and stability, tradeoff between mobility and stability Correct Answer: joints Joint Correct Answer: A point of contact between two or more bones between cartilage and bone or between teeth and bones. Structural Classification of Joints 33 Correct Answer: Based on the presence of synovial (joint) cavity and type of connecting tissue. Classified as fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial. Functional Classification of Joints Correct Answer: Based on the degree of movements allowed. Synarthrosis Correct Answer: An immovable joint. Example: Cranial Bones Amphiarthrosis Correct Answer: Is a slightly movable joint. Example: bones of the backbone Diarthrosis Correct Answer: A free movable joint. All are synovial joints. They have a variety of shapes and allow several different types of movements. Fibrous Joints Correct Answer: Lack a synovial cavity, the bones are held together by fibrous connective tissue and allows for little or no movement. Example: Suture (composed of a thin layer of dense fibrous connective tissue which connects skull bones). Cartilaginous Joints 34 Correct Answer: Lacks a synovial cavity, the articulating bones are connected by either fiber cartilage or hyaline cartilage and allows very little or no movement. There are two different types: Synchondrosis and Symphysis. Synovial Joints Correct Answer: Have a synovial (joint) cavity between the articulating bones and are freely movable joints. Articular Cartilage Correct Answer: Covers the bone at synovial joint or cavity. Reduces friction at the joints with movement and helps absorb shock. Articular Capsule Correct Answer: Surrounds a diarthrosis (freely movable joint), encloses the synovial joint cavity and unites the articulating bone. It is composed of two layers: outer fibrous capsule (may contain accessory ligaments and articular discs) and the inner synovial membrane which produces a lubricating nourishing fluid to joints. Flexibility of the Fibrous Capsule Correct Answer: Allows a considerable amount of movement at a joint and helps prevent bones from dislocating. Synovial Fluid 35 Correct Answer: Produced by the synovial membrane, lubricates and reduces friction in the joint, supplies nutrients and removes metabolic waste from joints. Ligaments Correct Answer: Connects bone to bone. Torn Cartilage Correct Answer: Occurs frequently in the knees of athletes, is damage to the articular disks which are found between the ends of some bones. Plantar (gliding) Joints Correct Answer: Joints allow mainly side-to-side and back-and-forth movements. These joints include the intercarpal, intertarsal, sternoclvicular, acromioclavicular, sternocostal, and vertebrocostal joints. Hinge Joints Correct Answer: Synovial joint that contains the convex surface of one bone fitting into a concave surface of another bone. Movement is primarily flexion and extension. Example: the elbow, ankle, and interphalangeal joints. Pivot Joints 36 Correct Answer: synovial joint that is round or pointed end of one bone that fits into ring made by another bone or ligament. Movement is rotational. Example: Atlas (C1), rotating about the axis (C2). Saddle Joints Correct Answer: synovial joint that contains one bone whose articulate surface is saddle shaped and another bone articulate surface is shaped like a rider in a saddle. Movement is flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, circumduction. Example: Trapezium and metacarpal of the thumb. Ball-and-Socket Joints Correct Answer: synovial joint with a ball shaped surface of one bone fits into the cup like depression of another bone. Movement is flexion, extension, rotation, adduction, abduction, circumduction. Example: Shoulder and hip Blood Supply Correct Answer: Numerous arteries and veins supply the joints/surrounding structures. Sprain Correct Answer: Is a forcible wrenching or twisting of a joint that stretches/tears its ligament but does not dislocate bone. Strain 37 Correct Answer: Is a stretched or partial torn muscle. Aging Effects on Joints Correct Answer: Include decrease in production of synvial fluid, reduction in thickness of articular cartilage, and lose of ligament length/flexibility. Genetic factors as well as wear and tear Arthritis Correct Answer: Is a form of rheumatism in which the joints become inflamed. Rheumatoid Arthritis Correct Answer: Is an autoimmune disease where the body's immune system attacks its own cartilage and joint tissue, resulting in lose of joint function. Osteoarthritis Correct Answer: Is a degenerative joint disease commonly known as wear and tear arthritis. It is noninflammatory and primarily effects weight-bearing joints. Example: Knees and hip joints. Abduction Movement Correct Answer: Moving a part away from the midline (lifting the arm horizontally to form a right angle with the side of the body). 38 Adduction Movement Correct Answer: Moving a part towards the midline (returning the arm from the horizontal position to the side of the body). Depression Movement Correct Answer: Lowering a part (drooping the shoulders). Elevation Movement Correct Answer: Raising a part (shrugging the shoulders). Flexion Movement Correct Answer: Bending a joint so that the angle between its parts is decreased and the part come closer together (bending the leg at the knee). Extension Movement Correct Answer: Straightening a joint so that the angle between its parts is increased and the parts move farther apart (straightening the leg at the knee). Eversion Movement Correct Answer: Turning the foot so the sole is outward. Inversion Movement Correct Answer: Turning the foot so the sole is inward. 39 Plantar Flexion Movement Correct Answer: Extending the foot at the ankle (bending the foot downward). Dorsiflexion Movement Correct Answer: Flexing the foot at the ankle (bending the foot upward). Protraction Movement Correct Answer: Moving a part forward (thrusting the chin forward). Retraction Movement Correct Answer: Moving a part backward (pulling the chin backward). Rotation Movement Correct Answer: Moving a part around an axis (twisting the head from side to side). Circumduction Movement Correct Answer: Moving a part so that its end follows a circular path (moving the finger in a circular motion without moving the hand). Supination Movement Correct Answer: Turning the hand so the palm is upward or turning the foot so that the medial margin is raised. 40 Pronation Movement Correct Answer: Turning the hand so the palm is downward or turning the foot so that the medial margin is lowered. synovial joints include Correct Answer: Plane, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball-and-socket menisci Correct Answer: flattened, shock-absorbing pads of fibrocartilage between the articulating surfaces of some joints gliding or plane joint Correct Answer: synovial joint that allows rotation, articulating surfaces are nearly flat or slightly curved Suture joints Correct Answer: Fibrous Synarthrosis joint (no movement), connect the bones of the skull. Examples include coronal, sagittal, lambodial, squamous Gomphasis joints Correct Answer: Fibrous synarthrosis (no movement) joint, examples include the teeth sockets between the teeth and jaw 41 synchondrosis joints Correct Answer: Cartilaginous synarthrosis(no movement) joints, examples include the epiphyseal plate, costachondral joints, vertebrae, ribs, and sternum syndesmesis joints Correct Answer: fibrous amphiarthrosis (little movement) joints. examples include ligaments between bones in the interoseneous membrane, distal articulation between radius and ulna, distal articulation between tibia and fibula symphysis joints Correct Answer: cartilaginous amphiarthrosis joints, examples of these are pubic synthesis and intervertebral discs 1. Describe the general function of both osteoblast and osteoclast activity as it pertains to bone remodeling. Describe how this relates to osteoporosis Correct Answer: Throughout our lifetime, bone cells called osteoclasts break down the bone matrix and clear it out. Another type of bone cell called osteoblasts form the new bone matrix. Osteoid is secreted by osteoblasts for the purpose of forming bone tissue in the process. This whole process is called bone remodeling. As our bones age, the ability for cells to conduct bone remodeling weakens. Extreme cases of this are called osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is a disease in which the strength and framework of bone have decreased. This increases the risk of a fracture. 42 2. Describe the process of bone fracture repair. Define "Salter Harris fracture" and describe how this type of fracture may affect bone growth in length Correct Answer: The process of bone fracture repair begins with fracture hematoma forms from clotted blood. These blood vessels are torn within the periosteum. Next, a fibrocartilaginous callus forms. Lastly, a hard (bony) callus forms and the bone is remodeled. For the salter Harris fracture, it's a fracture that occurs at the epiphyseal plate. If it occurs before the epiphyseal line, then it can stunt growth to that bone resulting in a shorter bone than it should be. 3. Describe the steps involved in endochondral ossification. What is Legg-CalvePerthes disease and how does it relate to endochondral ossification? Correct Answer: The first step of endochondral ossification is the the fetal hyaline cartilage model develops. Next, cartilage is calcified and a periosteal bone collar forms around diaphysis. Thirdly, the primary ossification center, which is the first major center of bone formation, forms in the diaphysis. Then, secondary ossification centers form in the epiphyses. Lastly, bone replaces cartilage, accept articular cartilage and epiphyseal plates which ossify and form epiphyseal lines. For endochondral and Legg-Calve-Perthes, the disease is a constriction of blood to the femoral head of the bone. This related to endochondral ossification because a delay endochondral ossification can lead to Legg-Calve-Perthes disease.