BIO 210 TRIDENT TECH FINAL EXAM | QUESTIONS & ANSWERS (VERIFIED) | LATEST UPDATE | GRADED A+

1 BIO 210 TRIDENT TECH FINAL EXAM | QUESTIONS & ANSWERS (VERIFIED) | LATEST UPDATE | GRADED A+ Anatomy Correct Answer: studies the form and structure of the body Physiology Correct Answer: examines how the body func ons cytology Correct Answer: study of body cells and their internal structure Pathophysiology Correct Answer: relationship between the func on of an organ system and disease or injury to the system Characteristics That Describe Living Things Correct Answer: organization, metabolism, growth and development, responsiveness, regulation, reproduction 2 Muscular System Correct Answer: -Locomotion -Heat production (Muscles,Tendons) endocrine system Correct Answer: -Regulates body functions by chemicals (hormones) (Pituitary gland, Parathyroid gland, Thyroid gland, Adrenal gland, Thymus, Pancreas, Gonads) Respiratory system Correct Answer: -Oxygen/carbon dioxide exchange (Lungs,Trachea, Larynx, Nasal cavities, Pharynx) lymphatic system Correct Answer: -Returns tissue fluid to blood -Defends against foreign organisms (Spleen, Lymph nodes, Thymus, Lymphatic vessels) 3 integumentary system Correct Answer: -Barrier to invading organisms and chemicals -Temperature control (Skin, Hair, Subcutaneous tissue) nervous system Correct Answer: -Coordinates activities of other organ systems -Responds to sensations (Brain, Spinal cord, Nerves, Eyes, Ears) skeletal system Correct Answer: -Supports and moves body -Protects internal organs -Mineral storage -Blood formation (Bones, Cartilage, Ligaments, Bone marrow) cardiovascular system Correct Answer: -Transports oxygen and nutrients to tissues -Removes waste products 4 (Heart, Blood, Blood vessels) reproductive system Correct Answer: -Produces germ cells (eggs and sperm) -Environment for growth of fetus (female) (Ovaries, Uterus, Mammary glands, Testes, Prostate gland, External genitalia) urinary system Correct Answer: -Elimination of wastes -Regulates pH and volume of blood (Kidneys,Urinary bladder,Urethra) digestive system Correct Answer: -Processes foods -Absorption of nutrients into body (Stomach, Intestinal tract, Liver, Pancreas, Esophagus Salivary gland) anatomic positon 5 Correct Answer: Upright stance Feet parallel and flat on the floor Upper limbs at the sides of the body Palms face anteriorly (toward the front) Eyes look forward What body parts make up the axial and appendicular skeleton Correct Answer: The axial skeleton forms the central axis of the body and consists of the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. The appendicular skeleton consists of the pectoral and pelvic girdles, the limb bones, and the bones of the hands and feet. Homeostasis Correct Answer: the ability of an organism to maintain a consistent internal environment, or "steady state," in response to changing internal or external condi ons Components of Homeostatic Systems Correct Answer: receptor, control center, effector positive feedback Correct Answer: Occurs much less frequently than negative feedback Stimulus is reinforced to continue moving variable in same direction as stimulus 6 negative feedback Correct Answer: Controls most processes in the body Variable fluctuates within a normal range around a set point matter Correct Answer: Anything that has mass and takes up space Atom Correct Answer: Smallest particle of an element isotopes Correct Answer: Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons Molecule Correct Answer: two or more atoms held together by bonds amphipathic molecules Correct Answer: Amphipathic molecules have both hydrophobic regions and hydrophilic regions <phospholipids>. Solution 7 Correct Answer: A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances Mixture Correct Answer: A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined Three subatomic particles Correct Answer: protons, neutrons, electrons Location of subatomic particles Correct Answer: (1) Proton and neutron - nucleus (2) Electron - electron cloud Formula for carbon dioxide Correct Answer: CO2 Formula for water Correct Answer: H2O formula for methane Correct Answer: CH4 pH scale 8 Correct Answer: measurement system used to indicate the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in solution; ranges from 0 to 14 Acid range on pH scale Correct Answer: 0-6.9 Base range on pH scale Correct Answer: 7.1-14 Four classes of biological molecules Correct Answer: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids Carbohydrates function Correct Answer: main source of energy Lipid function Correct Answer: long term energy storage protein functions Correct Answer: structural support, storage, transport, cellular communications, movement, and defense against foreign substances nucleic acid function 9 Correct Answer: store and transmit genetic information difference in electrolytes and non electrolytes Correct Answer: Electrolytes are salts or molecules that ionize completely in solution. As a result, electrolyte solutions readily conduct electricity. Nonelectrolytes do not dissociate into ions in solution; nonelectrolyte solutions do not, therefore, conduct electricity. potential energy Correct Answer: Energy that is stored and held in readiness kinetic energy Correct Answer: the energy an object has due to its motion Enzymes Correct Answer: Catalysts for chemical reactions in living things endergonic reaction Correct Answer: A nonspontaneous chemical reaction, in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings. exergonic reaction 10 Correct Answer: A spontaneous chemical reaction in which there is a net release of free energy. decomposition reaction Correct Answer: a reaction in which a single compound breaks down to form two or more simpler substances AB → A + B synthesis reaction Correct Answer: a reaction in which two or more substances combine to form a new compound A + B → AB exchange reaction Correct Answer: Parts of the reacting molecules are shuffled around to produce new products AB+CD→AC+BD. Oxidation-reaction (redox) Correct Answer: a type of paired reaction in living systems in which electrons lost from one atom are gained by another atom 2 Mg(s) + O2(g) 2 MgO(s) 11 Organelle Correct Answer: A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell concentration gradient Correct Answer: A difference in the concentration of a substance across a distance. Osmosis Correct Answer: Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane Endocytosis Correct Answer: process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane Exocytosis Correct Answer: Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material main components of plasma membrane Correct Answer: phospholipids and proteins facilitated diffusion Correct Answer: Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels 12 simple diffusion Correct Answer: movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration Tonicity Correct Answer: the ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water Isotonic Correct Answer: when the concentration of two solutions is the same Hypotonic Correct Answer: Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution cell bursts hypertonic solution Correct Answer: A solution in which the concentration of solutes is greater than that of the cell that resides in the solution cell shrinks Resting Membrane Potential (RMP) Correct Answer: charge difference across the plasma membrane -70 13 Endoplasmic Reticulum function Correct Answer: Assembles proteins and lipids Lysosomes Correct Answer: Uses chemicals to break down food and worn out cell parts Golgi apparatus Correct Answer: stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum Perioxisomes Correct Answer: Function in detoxification of alcohol and production of bile in the liver or kidneys Mitochondria Correct Answer: Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production Ribosomes Correct Answer: site of protein synthesis Cell phases 14 Correct Answer: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis Prophase Correct Answer: Chromosomes become visable, nuclear envelop dissolves, spindle forms Metaphase Correct Answer: Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell Anaphase Correct Answer: Phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell Telophase Correct Answer: After the chromosome seperates, the cell seals off, Final Phase of Mitosis. Cytokinesis Correct Answer: division of the cytoplasm Tissue Correct Answer: A group of similar cells that perform the same function. 15 Histology Correct Answer: study of tissues Endocrine glands are Correct Answer: ductless glands that produce hormones exocrine glands Correct Answer: Glands that secrete substances outward through a duct Neuron Correct Answer: a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system merocrine glands Correct Answer: Glands that release fluid products by exocytosis apocrine glands Correct Answer: glands that lose small portions of their glandular cell bodies during secretion mammary or ceruminous holocrine glands Correct Answer: Exocrine glands whose secretions are made up of disintegrated cells 16 Four major tissue types Correct Answer: epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous simple squamous epithelium Correct Answer: single layer of flat cells (alveoli, lining of blood vessels, mesothelium) simple cuboidal epithelium Correct Answer: a single layer of cube-shaped cells;usually have centrally located, spherical nuclei; secretion as absorption; located in ovaries, kidney tubules, glands stratified squamous epithelium Correct Answer: protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion skin if keratinized if not keratinized oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, vagina, anus reticular fibers Correct Answer: Fibers made of collagen fibers that are very thin and branched. Forma tightly woven fabric that joins connective tissue to adjacent tissues. collagen fibers Correct Answer: a protein substance found in bone and cartilage provides strength 17 elastic fibers Correct Answer: Flexible and "stretchy" fibers that add elasticity to tissue Adipocytes Correct Answer: fat cells that make up most of the subcutaneous layer Macrophages Correct Answer: Found within the lymph nodes, they are phagocytes that destroy bacteria, cancer cells, and other foreign matter in the lymphatic stream. Fibroblasts Correct Answer: produce fibers and ground substance mast cells Correct Answer: Cells that release chemicals (such as histamine) that promote inflammation. dense regular connective tissue Correct Answer: Function: attaches muscles to bones or to muscles; attaches bones to bones; withstands great tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction Location: tendons, most ligaments, aponeuroses 18 dense irregular connective tissue Correct Answer: Function: able to withstand tension exerted in many directions; provides structural strength Location: fibrous capsules of organs and joints; dermis of the skin; submucosa of digestive tract elastic connective tissue Correct Answer: Function: allows recoil of tissue following stretching; maintains pulsatile flow of blood through arteries; aids passive recoil of lungs following inspiration Location: walls of large arteries; within certain ligaments associated with vertebral column, within the walls of the bronchial tubes integument Correct Answer: covering of the body dermatology Correct Answer: study of the skin Melanocytes Correct Answer: a mature melanin-forming cell, typically in the skin. 19 Melanin Correct Answer: A pigment that gives the skin its color Carotene Correct Answer: yellow-orange pigment arrector pili Correct Answer: a smooth muscle attached to hair follicles that causes "goose bumps" to appear on the skin when contracted sebaceous glands Correct Answer: secrete sebum (oil) into the hair follicles where the hair shafts pass through the dermis layers of integument Correct Answer: epidermis, dermis, hypodermis layers of epidermis Correct Answer: stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum thick skin vs thin skin Correct Answer: Thick skin- covers palms, soles fingers and toes 20 thickness is due to the dead cells (stratum corneum). has seat glands but no hair follicles or sebaceous (oil) glands) Thin skin- all over body, thin stratum corneum, has hair follicles, sebaceous glands and sweat glands. major regions of the dermis Correct Answer: papillary region and reticular region function of subcutaneous layer Correct Answer: protects and insulates compact bone Correct Answer: Hard, dense bone tissue that is beneath the outer membrane of a bone spongy bone Correct Answer: Layer of bone tissue that has many small spaces and is found just inside the layer of compact bone. Cartilage Correct Answer: A connective tissue that is more flexible than bone and that protects the ends of bones and keeps them from rubbing together. 21 Ligament Correct Answer: Connects bone to bone Chondrocytes Correct Answer: Cells that secrete cartilage. Diaphysis Correct Answer: shaft of a long bone medullary cavity Correct Answer: cavity within the shaft of the long bones filled with bone marrow Epiphysis Correct Answer: End of a long bone Metaphysis (long bone) Correct Answer: where diaphysis and epiphysis meet Osteoblasts Correct Answer: bone forming cells Osteocytes 22 Correct Answer: a bone cell, formed when an osteoblast becomes embedded in the matrix it has secreted. Osteoclasts are Correct Answer: cells that break down bone matrix components of bone matrix Correct Answer: organic and inorganic organic compounds in bone matrix Correct Answer: Osteoid produced by osteoblasts, contains -Collagen -Ground substance of proteoglycans and glycoproteins inorganic compounds in bone matrix Correct Answer: -Salt crystals, calcium phosphate Hydroxyapatite -Crystals deposit around collagen fibers central canal (haversian canal) Correct Answer: canal that houses blood vessels located at the center of the osteon concentric lamellae 23 Correct Answer: layers of bony matrix around a central canal Lacunae Correct Answer: small cavities in bone that contain osteocytes Canaliculi Correct Answer: Hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal intramembranous ossification Correct Answer: bone develops from a fibrous membrane endocondral ossification Correct Answer: long bone fracture, blood -> cartilage -> bone (6-8 weeks repair) growth hormone Correct Answer: hormone secreted by anterior pituitary gland that stimulates growth of bones Calcitonin Correct Answer: Lowers blood calcium levels (thyroid) joint 24 Correct Answer: A place in the body where two bones come together articulate Correct Answer: the connection made between bones in the body which link the skeletal system into a functional whole. Synarthrosis Correct Answer: immovable joint Diarthrosis Correct Answer: freely movable joint Joint cavity (synovial cavity) Correct Answer: small amount of synovial fluid which lubricates and bears weight Tendons Correct Answer: Connect muscle to bone bursa Correct Answer: fluid-filled sac that allows for easy movement of one part of a joint over another tendon sheath 25 Correct Answer: elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon Circumduction Correct Answer: circular movement of a limb at the far end Pronation Correct Answer: palm down opposition Correct Answer: Movement of the thumb to touch the fingertips Reposition Correct Answer: opposite of opposition Dorsiflexion Correct Answer: bending of the foot or the toes upward Flexion Correct Answer: Decreases the angle of a joint extension Correct Answer: Straightening of a joint 26 arthritis Correct Answer: inflammation of a joint Osteoarthritis Correct Answer: degenerative joint disease rheumatoid arthritis Correct Answer: a chronic autoimmune disorder in which the joints and some organs of other body systems are attacked muscle fiber Correct Answer: a single muscle cell Fascicle Correct Answer: bundle of muscle fibers Sarcolemma Correct Answer: plasma membrane of a muscle fiber Transverse tubules (T-tubules) Correct Answer: Transmit action potential through cell Allow entire muscle fiber to contract simultaneously Have same properties as sarcolemma 27 motor unit Correct Answer: A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates Epimysium Correct Answer: a sheath of fibrous elastic tissue surrounding a muscle. Perimysium Correct Answer: The connective tissue that surrounds fascicles. Endomysium Correct Answer: Connective tissue surrounding a muscle fiber types of myofilaments Correct Answer: thin filaments and thick filaments thin filaments Correct Answer: actin, troponin, tropomyosin thick filaments Correct Answer: composed of myosin organelle of aerobic respiration 28 Correct Answer: mitochondria aerobic respiration Correct Answer: Respiration that requires oxygen synaptic knob Correct Answer: The narrow gap that separates the presynaptic neuron from the postsynaptic cell. Acetylcholine Correct Answer: A neurotransmitter that enables learning and memory and also triggers muscle contraction Acetycholinesterase (AChE) Correct Answer: inside the synaptic cleft, breaks down molecules of ACh motor end plate Correct Answer: the flattened end of a motor neuron that transmits neural impulses to a muscle twitch contraction Correct Answer: the brief contraction of all the muscle fibers in a motor unit in response to a single action potential in its motor neuron 29 threshold stimulus Correct Answer: The minimal strength required to cause a contraction latent period of muscle twitch Correct Answer: period after stimulus before contraction begins Nerouns Correct Answer: nerve cells cell body (soma) Correct Answer: contains the nucleus and other parts of the cell needed to sustain its life Axon Correct Answer: the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands Epineurium Correct Answer: Dense connective tissue that surrounds entire nerve including fascicles and blood vessels. myelin sheath 30 Correct Answer: A layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next. all or nothing principle Correct Answer: The principle that once the electrical impulse reaches a certain level of intensity (its threshold), it fires and moves all the way down the axon without losing any intensity. Depolarization Correct Answer: The process during the action potential when sodium is rushing into the cell causing the interior to become more positive. salutatory conduction Correct Answer: action potential jumps from node to node, which speeds up the impulse. body structures that make up the two anatomic divisions of the nervous system Correct Answer: CNS and PNS multipolar neuron Correct Answer: A neuron with a single axon and multiple dendrites; the most common type of neuron in the nervous system. 31 bipolar neurons Correct Answer: one axon and one dendrite unipolar neuron Correct Answer: A neuron with one axon attached to its soma; the axon divides, with one branch receiving sensory information and the other sending the information into the central nervous system. sensory neurons Correct Answer: neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord motor neurons Correct Answer: neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands Interneurons Correct Answer: neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs Astrocytes Correct Answer: Provide structural and metabolic support for neurons. 32 blood brain barrier ependymal cells Correct Answer: line cavities of the brain and spinal cord, circulate cerebrospinal fluid Microglia Correct Answer: Act as phagocytes, eating damaged cells and bacteria, act as the brains immune system Oligodendrocytes Correct Answer: Type of glial cell in the CNS that wrap axons in a myelin sheath. initial segment Correct Answer: composed of axon hillock-contains voltage-gated Na+ channels and voltage-gated K+ channels with Na+ moving in and K+ moving out conductive segment Correct Answer: consists of the length of the axon and telodendria-contains voltagegated Na+ channels and voltage-gated K+ channels with Na+ moving in and K+ moving out transmission segment 33 Correct Answer: includes synaptic knobs-contains voltage-gated Ca2+ channels and Ca2+ pumps Resting Membrane Potential (RMP) Correct Answer: -70 mV Gyri Correct Answer: ridges of the brain Sulci Correct Answer: shallow grooves that separate gyri cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Correct Answer: Fluid produced in the ventricles of the brain that flows in the subarachnoid space and bathes the meninges. ventricles of the brain Correct Answer: canals in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid choroid plexus Correct Answer: A highly vascular portion of the lining of the ventricles that secretes cerebrospinal fluid. 34 longitudinal fissure Correct Answer: separates cerebral hemispheres corpus callosum Correct Answer: a broad band of nerve fibers joining the two hemispheres of the brain. cranial dural septa Correct Answer: The meningeal layer of the dura mater extends as flat partitions (septa) into the cranial cavity at four locations. Collectively, these double layers of dura mater are called cranial dural septa. They separate parts of the brain and provide additional stabilization and support to the entire brain. Four: The falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli, falx cerebelli, and diaphragma sellae. epidural space Correct Answer: space between the dura mater and the wall of the vertebral canal lateral ventricles of brain Correct Answer: ventricles found in each cerebral hemisphere third ventricle of brain Correct Answer: inferior to the corpus callosum 35 fourth ventricle of brain Correct Answer: The choroid plexus is located within this brain ventricle, found regionally under the cerebellum cerebral aqueduct Correct Answer: a narrow tube interconnecting the third and fourth ventricles of the brain, located in the center of the mesencephalon function of temporal lobe Correct Answer: hearing and smell function of frontal lobe Correct Answer: higher level thought and reasoning. working memory, paying attention, solving problems, planning. function of occipital lobe Correct Answer: vision function of parietal lobe Correct Answer: receives and integrates sensory information primary visual cortex Correct Answer: occipital lobe 36 primary auditory cortex Correct Answer: the region of the superior temporal lobe whose primary input is from the auditory system Diencephalon Correct Answer: thalamus and hypothalamus function of diencephalon Correct Answer: to process and transmit sensory information, to secrete cerebrospinal fluid, to regulate body temperature function of epithalamus Correct Answer: contains pineal gland which secretes melatonin function of thalamus Correct Answer: Collect, Sort, and Direct sensory impulses to particular areas of the brain functions of hypothalamus Correct Answer: Master control of the autonomic nervous system Master control of the endocrine system Regulation of body temperature 37 Control of emotional behavior Control of food intake Control of water intake Regulation of sleep-wake (circadian) rhythms tectum of midbrain Correct Answer: superior and inferior colliculi medulla oblongata Correct Answer: Part of the brainstem that controls vital life-sustaining functions such as heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, and digestion. cardiac center of medulla oblongata Correct Answer: adjusts rate and force of heart vasomotor center of medulla oblongata Correct Answer: adjusts blood vessel diameter medullary respiratory control center Correct Answer: Main control center for breathing, in medulla oblongata reticular formation 38 Correct Answer: a nerve network that travels through the brainstem and plays an important role in controlling arousal cranial nerves Correct Answer: 12 pairs of nerves that carry messages to and from the brain olfactory nerve Correct Answer: relating to the sense of smell optic nerve Correct Answer: the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain Oculomotor Correct Answer: eye movement (motor) trochlear nerve Correct Answer: eye movement for downward, outward, and inward eye movements. trigeminal nerve Correct Answer: ophthalmic, maxillary, mandibular abducens nerve Correct Answer: eye movement 39 Facial Nerve (VII) Correct Answer: tear, nasal, and salivary glands Vestibulocochlear Correct Answer: hearing and balance Glossopharyngeal (IX) Correct Answer: jugular foramen vagus nerve Correct Answer: the tenth cranial nerve that innervates digestive organs, heart and other areas Accessory Nerve (XI) Correct Answer: swallowing, head, neck, and shoulder movements hypoglossal nerve Correct Answer: tongue movement cervial enlargement Correct Answer: where nerves of the upper and lower limbs arise; has a larger region beayse that is where nerves for the arm is going 40 lumbrosacral enlargement Correct Answer: extends through the lumbar and sacral parts of the spinal cord and innervates the lower limbs cauda equina Correct Answer: collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord posterior root ganglion Correct Answer: contains cell bodies of sensory neurons sacral plexus Correct Answer: Arises from L4-S4 - Serves the buttock, lower limb, pelvic structures, and perineum sciatic nerve Correct Answer: nerve extending from the base of the spine down the thigh, lower leg, and foot reflex arc Correct Answer: A relatively direct connection between a sensory neuron and a motor neuron that allows an extremely rapid response to a stimulus, often without conscious brain involvement. 41 pia mater of the spinal cord Correct Answer: Menix that is in direct contact with the spinal cord. dura mater Correct Answer: thick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord anterior horn Correct Answer: somatic motor neurons whose axons exit the cord via ventral roots lateral horn Correct Answer: (only in thoracic and lumbar regions) - sympathetic neurons gray commissure Correct Answer: connects masses of gray matter; encloses central canal central canal Correct Answer: A tiny channel found within the spinal cord and inferior medulla oblongata posterior funiculus 42 Correct Answer: lies between the posterior gray horns on the posterior side of the cord and the posterior median sulcus lateral funiculus Correct Answer: the white matter of the spinal cord lying on either side between the anterior median fissure and the ventral root. Five steps of a reflex arc Correct Answer: -arrival of stimulus and activation of receptor -activation of sensory neuron -CNS processing of info -activation of motor neuron -response by effector (muscle or gland) preganglionic neuron Correct Answer: in the autonomic nervous system of the PNS, a neuron that has its cell body located in the CNS and whose axon extends into the PNS to synapse with a second neuron at an autonomic ganglion (the second neuron's axon synapses with the target organ) postganglionic neuron 43 Correct Answer: in the autonomic division of the PNS, a neuron that has its cell body located in an autonomic ganglion (where a pre-ganglionic neuron synapses with it) and whose axon synapses with the target organ dual intervention Correct Answer: organ receives input from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic system difference between SNS and ANS Correct Answer: SNS consists of motor neurons that stimulate skeletal muscles. In contrast, the ANS consists of motor neurons that control smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands Divisions of the ANS Correct Answer: sympathetic division and parasympathetic division terminal ganglia Correct Answer: located near organ innervated or embedded in wall of organ intramural ganglia Correct Answer: located within wall of target organ sympathetic trunk ganglia 44 Correct Answer: lie in a vertical row on either side of the vertebral column celiac ganglion Correct Answer: neural crest target cells Correct Answer: cells that have receptors for a particular hormone Hormones Correct Answer: chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues endocrine organs Correct Answer: hypothalamus, pineal gland, pituitary, thyroid, adrenal medulla, testes, ovaries diabetes mellitus Correct Answer: insulin is not secreted adequately or tissues are resistant to its effects function of oxytocin Correct Answer: secreted during childbirth, increases the strength and frequency of uterine muscle contraction and stimulates milk secretion 45 function of antidiuretic hormone Correct Answer: causes kidney to conserve water function of aldosterone Correct Answer: responsible for renal absorption of sodium & excretion of potassium Function of cortisol Correct Answer: -maintain glucose control -inc hepatic gluconeogensis (glucose synthesis) -manages the body's stress response function of mineralocorticoids Correct Answer: Promote reabsorption of Na+ and excretion of K+ in kidneys