BIO 210 LECTURE EXAM 1 | QUESTIONS & ANSWERS (VERIFIED) | LATEST UPDATE | GRADED A+

1 BIO 210 LECTURE EXAM 1 | QUESTIONS & ANSWERS (VERIFIED) | LATEST UPDATE | GRADED A+ Anatomy Correct Answer: studies the form and structure of the body. Physiology Correct Answer: examines living organisms and their parts of how they function Microscopic anatomy Correct Answer: examines structures that cannot be observed by the unaided eye Two main subdivisions of microscopic anatomy Correct Answer: cytology and histology cytology Correct Answer: study of cells Histology Correct Answer: study of tissues 2 Gross anatomy or macroscopic anatomy Correct Answer: investigates the structure visible to the aided eye Systematic anatomy Correct Answer: each individual body system Regional anatomy Correct Answer: all the structures in a particular region of the body Surface anatomy Correct Answer: focuses on superficial anatomic markings and internal body structures Comparative anatomy Correct Answer: examines similarities and differences in the anatomy of different species Embryology Correct Answer: studies developmental changes from conception to birth Pathologic anatomy Correct Answer: examines anatomic changes resulting from disease 3 Radiographic anatomy Correct Answer: investigates internal structures with visual scanning procedures Physiology Correct Answer: examines living organisms and their parts of how they function Cardiovascular physiology Correct Answer: the functioning of the heart, blood vessels and blood Neurophysiology Correct Answer: functioning of the nerves and nervous system organs Pathophysiology Correct Answer: relationship between the function of an organ system and disease of injury of the system Respiratory physiology Correct Answer: functioning of respiratory organs Reproductive physiology Correct Answer: the functioning of the hormones and reproductive cycle Homeostasis 4 Correct Answer: the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment Receptor Correct Answer: component of homeostasis that the structure that detects changes in the stimulus, sensory nerves Stimulus Correct Answer: component of homeostasis that changes in a variable that is regulated Control center Correct Answer: component of homeostasis that processes the change that occurred from the receptor Negative feedback Correct Answer: if it is high, lower it. If it is low, raise it. Negative because the response is opposite of the stimulus Set point Correct Answer: variable maintained within a normal level The hypothalamus Correct Answer: part of the brain that regulates body temperature 5 Positive feedback Correct Answer: moves the stimulus in the same direction, occurs less frequently than negative feedback Simplest levels of organization composed of chemical structures Correct Answer: atoms, ions, and molecules Human body is composed of matter Correct Answer: solid, liquid, gas that is anything that has mass or takes up space Matter is composed of Correct Answer: atoms Atom Correct Answer: smallest particle that exhibits the chemical properties of an element Atoms are composed of three subatomic particles Correct Answer: protons (+), neutrons, electrons (-) Chemical compounds Correct Answer: stable associations between two or more elements combines in a fixed radio 6 Ionic compounds Correct Answer: are structures composed of ions held together in a lattice of ionic bonds Ions Correct Answer: groups of atoms with a positive or negative charge Positively charged Correct Answer: Sodium ion Potassium ion Calcium ion Magnesium ion Hydrogen ion Negatively charged ions Correct Answer: Chloride ion Bicarbonate ion Phosphate ion Octet rule Correct Answer: outermost shell/orbit is full and contains 8 electrons cations Correct Answer: Ions with a positive charge, loosing an electron Anions Correct Answer: ions with a negative charge, gain an electron Polyatomic ions Correct Answer: are anions composed of more than one atom 7 Atoms with one, two, or three electrons in valence shell become Correct Answer: cations Atoms with five, six, or seven electrons become Correct Answer: anions Ionic bonds Correct Answer: Cations and anions bind together Ionic compound Correct Answer: a transfer of electrons between the cations and anion Covalently bonded molecule Correct Answer: sharing of electrons between atoms Molecular compound Correct Answer: composed of two or more different element Molecular formula Correct Answer: shows the chemical constituents and their ratios in a molecule, how they attach to each other and how they are formed 8 Structural formula Correct Answer: shows the number and types of atoms, provides a mean for differentiating isomers, shows the number and types of the elements present Isomers Correct Answer: same molecular formula but a different structural formula, molecules with the same number and kind of elements, arranged differently in space, may have different chemical properties Covalent bond Correct Answer: formed when atoms share electron 4 most common elements in the human body: Correct Answer: nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, carbon dissociates Correct Answer: bond between oxygen and hydrogen breaks apart spontaneously, water dissociates to form ions why is water neutral? Correct Answer: Because it dissociates very easily an acid dissociates in water to produce 9 Correct Answer: H+ and an anion acid Correct Answer: proton donor base Correct Answer: accepts H+ when added to a solution base Correct Answer: also called a proton acceptor solutions with equal concentrations of H+ and OH Correct Answer: are neutral and have a pH of 7 solutions with greater H+ are Correct Answer: acidic, pH < 7 solutions with greater OH Correct Answer: are basic, pH > 7 neutralization Correct Answer: occurs when an acidic or basic solution is returned to a neutral 10 acids Correct Answer: neutralize by adding a base bases Correct Answer: neutralize by adding acid buffers Correct Answer: help prevent pH changes if excess acid is added organic molecules Correct Answer: molecules that contain carbon inorganic molecules Correct Answer: all other molecules four classes of biomolecules Correct Answer: lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, proteins lipids Correct Answer: diverse group of fatty, water solutable compounds triglycerides 11 Correct Answer: store energy, most common, long term energy storage in adipose tissue, structural suppose, cushioning, insulation phospholipids Correct Answer: form cell membranes, have a head and a tail head Correct Answer: hydrophilic tail Correct Answer: hydrophobic steroids Correct Answer: ringed structures including hormones, cholesterol, testosterone eicosanoids Correct Answer: locally acting hormones monosaccharides Correct Answer: simple monomers glucose 12 Correct Answer: most common monosaccharide, primary nutrient supplying energy to cells, glycogen Is storage form of glucose glycogensis Correct Answer: glucose binds to glycogen during this glycogenolysis Correct Answer: broken down from glycogen to form glucose disaccharides Correct Answer: two monosaccharides polysaccharides Correct Answer: many monosaccharides glycogen Correct Answer: is the most common in animals, stored in the liver and the skeletal muscles nucleic acids Correct Answer: macromolecules that store and transfer genetic info in cells deoxyribonucleic acid 13 Correct Answer: DNA double stranded nucleic acid ribonucleic acid Correct Answer: single stranded nucleic acid nucleic acids Correct Answer: have nucleotides which are building blocks that have a sugar molecule and a phosphate and a nitrogenous base DNA Correct Answer: is made up of deoxyribose sugar RNA Correct Answer: made of ribose sugar Five nitrogenous bases Correct Answer: adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine, and uracil Adenine and guanine Correct Answer: purines Thymine and cytosine and uracil Correct Answer: pyrimidines 14 Thymine is only in Correct Answer: DNA Uracil found only in Correct Answer: RNA Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Correct Answer: central molecule in chemical energy transfer within cells, release energy when broken Proteins act in Correct Answer: defense, transport, support, movement, regulation, storage Proteins composed of one or more strands of Correct Answer: monomers Monomers are Correct Answer: amino acids amino acids Correct Answer: 20 in total, linked by peptide bonds 15 Oligopeptide Correct Answer: 3-20 amino acids Polypeptide Correct Answer: 21-99 amino acids Protein Correct Answer: more than 200 amino acids Glycoproteins Correct Answer: proteins with carbohydrate attached Cells Correct Answer: studied through the discipline of cytology, smallest the functional units of the body Microscopy Correct Answer: the use of a microscope to view small-scale structures Plasma membrane Correct Answer: forms the outer limiting barrier of the cell, separates internal contents of cell from external environment, cilia, flagellum, microvilli 16 Nucleus Correct Answer: largest structure in the cell, enclosed by a nuclear envelope, contains the genetic material, DNA, inner fluid called nucleoplasm Cytoplasm Correct Answer: 3 parts, all the stuff inside the cell beside the nucleus, fluid called cytosol, organelles, inclusions- pigments and proteins that are floating in the cell that aren't big enough to be organelles General functions of cells Correct Answer: maintain integrity and shape of cell, obtain nutrients and form chemical building blocks performed by some cells Correct Answer: cell division plasma membrane Correct Answer: regulates the movements of most substances in and out of the cell, contains several different types of lipids phospholipids Correct Answer: phospholipid bilayer 17 cholesterol Correct Answer: strengthens the membrane, protects against temperature extremes glycolipids Correct Answer: form the coating of sugar on a cells surface membrane proteins Correct Answer: composed half of plasma membrane by weight two classifications of membrane proteins Correct Answer: integral and peripheral integral Correct Answer: embedded within and extends across the lipid bilayer peripheral Correct Answer: attached loosely to surfaces of the membrane transport proteins Correct Answer: regulate movement of substances across membrane cell surface receptors Correct Answer: bind ligand receptors on another cell 18 identity markers Correct Answer: communicate to other cells enzymes Correct Answer: catalyze (speed up) chemical reactions anchoring sites Correct Answer: secure cytoskeleton to plasma membrane cell adhesion proteins Correct Answer: perform cell to cell attachments Membrane transport Correct Answer: Can be active or passive Passive processes Correct Answer: do not require energy, two types: diffusion and osmosis Diffusion Correct Answer: moves from area of greater concentration to area of lesser concentration just like putting food coloring in water 19 Osmosis Correct Answer: passive movement of water through selectively permeable membrane which means only certain stuff can pass through not others. Cell gains or loses water with Correct Answer: osmosis Solvent Correct Answer: usually water Solutes Correct Answer: everything else Tonicity Correct Answer: ability of the solution to change the concentration of a fluid Isotonic solution Correct Answer: Iso means the same, both cytosol and solution with same relative concentration of the fliud outside the cell aka the solute Hypotonic solution Correct Answer: a whole lot of fluid outside the cell has less concentration than inside the cell, increased volume and pressure of the cell, may cause lysis (hemolysis is the 20 term for raptured red blood cells) the solution has more water, the solute has less water. Looses water through osmosis Hypertonic solution Correct Answer: water moves out of the concentration gradient, gains water in the cell through osmosis Active processes of membrane transport require Correct Answer: energy Active transport Correct Answer: movement of a substance to increase the concentration gradient Vesicular transport Correct Answer: release of a membrane- bound vesicle Ion pumps Correct Answer: active transport proteins that move ions across the membrane, help maintain internal concentration of ion, pushing against the concentration gradient get their energy from ATP Vesicles 21 Correct Answer: a bubble filled with stuff and can be pushed into the cell or out of the cell Exocytosis Correct Answer: releases substances outside the cell Endocytosis Correct Answer: fuses with membrane to release inside the cell, pushed into the cell Two methods of endocytosis Correct Answer: phagocytosis and pinocytosis Phagocytosis Correct Answer: eating, cell engulfs large particle external to the cell Pinocytosis Correct Answer: drinking, opening up to let large amounts of fluid inside Membrane bound organelles Correct Answer: Inside the membrane Endoplasmic reticulum Correct Answer: point of attachment for ribosomes, rough and smooth 22 Rough ER Correct Answer: helps make proteins and ribosomes Smooth ER Correct Answer: synthesis, transport, and storage of lipids, carbohydrate metabolis, detxifaction of drugs, alcohols, and poisons, helps to make fats Golgi apparatus Correct Answer: warehouse of the cell, modification, packaging, and sorting of proteins, transport of material, formation of secretory vesicles and lysosomes Lysosomes Correct Answer: contain digestive enzymes that eat stuff inside the cell like bacteria Peroxisomes Correct Answer: pinch off vesicles from rough ER, detoxify the cell and make hydrogen peroxide, most abundant in the liver Mitochondria Correct Answer: powerhouse of the cell that makes ATP Ribosomes 23 Correct Answer: help make proteins free ribosomes Correct Answer: move around to make protein in the cell bound ribosomes Correct Answer: bound to the rough ER cytoskeleton Correct Answer: structural framework of the cell, supports it and gives it its shape, anchors proteins in plasma membrane centrosome Correct Answer: guides cell division which is mitosis and meiosis proteasomes Correct Answer: protein digesting organelles of the cell Cilia Correct Answer: beating moves mucus and substances toward the throat Flagellum Correct Answer: moving the cell 24 Microvilli Correct Answer: absorption, takes what would be a normal cell and stick little fingers up to create a better surface area. Found throughout the digestive system that adsorb vitamins, fluid, and bits of stuff Structure of the Nucleus Correct Answer: control center of the cell, Largest structure of the cell Erythrocytes Correct Answer: with no nuclei Skeletal cells Correct Answer: with many nuclei Nuclear envelope Correct Answer: double phospholipid membrane enclosing nucleus, separates cytoplasm from fluid within nucleus Nucleoplasm Correct Answer: fluid inside the nucleus Nucleus pore 25 Correct Answer: openings in the nuclear membrane that allow stuff to go in and out Cell division Correct Answer: Occurs when one cell divides to produce two cells mitosis Correct Answer: cell division that occurs in somatic cells (cells other than sex cells) meiosis Correct Answer: cell division in sex cells (cells that give rise to sperm or secondary oocytes)