AIC EXAM 4 | QUESTIONS & ANSWERS (VERIFIED) | LATEST UPDATE | GRADED A+

1 AIC EXAM 4 | QUESTIONS & ANSWERS (VERIFIED) | LATEST UPDATE | GRADED A+ diagnostic imaging Correct Answer: refers to specific impressions produced by radiologists and radiology techs to determine specific medical conditions -not all diagnostic imaging uses radiation diagnostic testing Correct Answer: refers to medical tests that are performed primarily in lab settings -blood, urine, and cardiovascular tests X-Ray Correct Answer: -form of electromagnetic radiation that allows viewing of internal structures -less dense tissues are darker = radiation is not absorbed -multiple views are taken as X-Ray is a 2D view of a 3D body part views of x-rays Correct Answer: -AP - anterior to posterior view 2 -PA - posterior to anterior view -lateral view What different tissues/structures look like under an x-ray Correct Answer: lungs = Air does not absorb radiation = dark area fat = gray color bone/calcium = white/light uses of an x-ray Correct Answer: -fractures/dislocations -bony abnormalities/deformities -tumor -arthritis risks/side effects of an x-ray Correct Answer: any time radiation is used you increase your risk of developing certain cancers (leukemia and melanoma) -not performed on pregnant women Fluoroscopy Correct Answer: type of radiography that can be performed when the clinician wants to see a "live" image to determine size, shape, and movement of tissue -not as detailed as x ray 3 -common at athletic venues, large universities, and professional athletic venues -quick and non invasive uses of fluoroscopy Correct Answer: -blood flow -tumors -fractures -organs -foreign bodies -some soft tissue risks/side effects of fluoroscopy Correct Answer: any time radiation is used you increase your risk of developing certain cancers (leukemia and melanoma) CT Scan Correct Answer: computed tomography combines high resolution radiographs with computers to form a better internal structure in a cross-section or 3D -rotating x rays in a cross section "slice" put into a 3D image -patient must lie still and occasionally hold breath for the clearest image possible -painless but noisy -15-60 minutes 4 uses of CT Scan Correct Answer: -internal organs -bones -soft tissues -blood vessels risks/side effects of CT Scan Correct Answer: -any time radiation is used you increase your risk of devloping certain cancers (leukemia and melanoma) -allergic reaction to contrast dye used is possible MRI Correct Answer: magnetic resonance imaging: applies magnetic field to the body -aligns with atoms in the body to produce radio waves to produce an image -takes 3D slices of the body image -all metal jewelry must be taken off before going in -watches, removal of dental implants, hearing aids, glasses, hair, accessories, writing utensils -safe for those with metal implants, screws, pins -lasts 30-60 minutes Contraindications: 5 -pacemakers, implanted insulin pump, pregnant, gunshot wound, claustrophobia, tattoos or permanent makeup uses of MRI Correct Answer: -organs -soft tissues -bones -tumors -bleeding -infections risks/side effects of MRI Correct Answer: -none documented -claustrophobic individuals can request open MRI if available Ultrasound Correct Answer: high frequency sound waves that enter the body to produce images of internal structures in real time -gel applied to the skin and transducer moves over the area to be examined -transducer produces sound waves into the tissue and then bounce back off the organs, fluid, or tissue to create the image -takes 30 minutes 6 uses of ultrasound Correct Answer: -identify tumors -enlarged lymph nodes -heart abnormalities -soft tissue injury -bleeding -blood clots -fetal development risks/side effects of ultrasound Correct Answer: none Rehabilitation Correct Answer: -minimize initial swelling -controlling pain -restore ROM -restore or increase strength -restore neuromuscular control -maintain cardio endurance -incorporate functional progression Inactivity and Immobilization Effects 7 Correct Answer: -in as little as 24 hours muscle will start to atrophy (muscles get smaller) -joints do not get lubricated and will degenerate -ligaments and bones get weaker -cardiorespiratory endurance decreases goals Correct Answer: setting goals is important for both athletes and AT, PT, OT, Doctor, etc Short-term goals Correct Answer: can be accomplished in a couple of days to a couple of weeks -ex: control pain, improve ROM, decrease edema Long-term goals Correct Answer: usually longer than a week away -ex: pain free running Phase 1 of Rehab Correct Answer: acute injury/control inflammation -begins immediately -primary focus is to control swelling and pain -first 48 hours need to be conservative -by days 3-4 swelling should be decreasing -NSAIDs can be very useful 8 PRICE PRICE Correct Answer: P: protect/prevent R: Restrict Activity (rest) I: Ice C: compression E: elevation Phase 2 of Rehab Correct Answer: repair phase/restoration of motion -can start as early as 4 days and continue for weeks -swelling will have subsides and pain will be less -as soon as swelling stops you can start working on ROM and strengthening -ice is helpful early to control swelling post-therapy Restoring/ROM Stretching Correct Answer: Agonist vs. Antagonist ex: Quads & hamstrings, biceps & triceps Agonist: Correct Answer: the muscle that contracts to produce a movement 9 Antagonist Correct Answer: the muscle that is being stretched or the one that is relaxing Neurophysiological basis for stretching -Muscle spindles vs. Golgi Tendon Organs Correct Answer: -Spindles tell brain to have muscle contract when muscle is first stretched -GTOs tell brain to tell muscles to relax after 6 seconds -both are protective mechanisms Stretching Techniques Correct Answer: -Ballistic Stretching -Static Stretching -Dynamic Stretching Ballistic Stretching Correct Answer: -oldest technique, uses repetitive bouncing motions -repetitive contractions of the agonist muscle are used to produce quick stretches -effective in improving ROM -if the bounces are more forceful than the tissues extensibility muscle injury may result -controlled ballistic stretching doesn't usually cause any soreness -Stretches should only be done after dynamic stretching 10 Static Stretching Correct Answer: -involves passively stretching a muscle by placing in a max position of stretch and holding it there -much safer method of stretching than ballistic b/c the stretch is more controlled Dynamic Stretching Correct Answer: -more closely related to the athletic activities -considered to be more function form of stretching -most popular -recommended before activities Phase 3 of Rehab Correct Answer: Remodeling Phase/Develop Strength, Endurance and Power -May last for years -main goal is to return to full activity -no pain or swelling present -should focus on sport specific activities -heating modalities can be used for pre-activity stiffness Muscular Strength Correct Answer: -ability of a muscle to produce force in one maximal effort 11 -examples -one rep max types of contractions Correct Answer: -concentric -eccentric -isometric concentric contraction Correct Answer: muscle shortens as it contracts eccentric contraction Correct Answer: muscle lengthens as it contracts isometric contraction Correct Answer: muscle does not change length as it contracts muscular endurance Correct Answer: ability of a muscle to exert repetitive tension over an extended period of time ex: weightlifting muscular power 12 Correct Answer: -ability to produce force in a given time -combination of strength and speed examples of muscular power Correct Answer: -weightlifting -boxing -football Phase 4 of Rehab Correct Answer: return to activity -coordination/proprioception (body's ability to understand your surroundings while taking away some of the senses) -functional progression -cardiovascular endurance Before return to play criteria Correct Answer: Before RTP need to look at the following -pain -swelling -ROM -strength -proprioception -cardiorespiratory endurance 13 -functional testing -predisposition to injury -psychological factors rehab compliance Correct Answer: Compliance is the biggest deterrent to successful rehab -athletes that work harder on rehab etc... return to play sooner than those that do not -keep athlete interested and motivated -change exercises frequently -pain free exercises increase compliance -coach can play an important role in rehab indication Correct Answer: a condition that could benefit from a specific modality contraindication Correct Answer: a condition that could be adversely affected by a particular modality Legal Aspects of Therapeutic Modalities Correct Answer: -Modalities are regulated differently from state to state -most require a written prescription from an MD, STANDING ORDERS transmission of thermal energy 14 Correct Answer: -conduction -convection -radiation -conversion conduction Correct Answer: -Heat is transferred from a warm object to a colder one -temp < 116 degrees -Not exceeding 30 minutes -Examples -MHP (moist heat pack), paraffin bath, ice bags convection Correct Answer: -transfer of heat through the movement of fluids or gases -Example -whirlpool radiation Correct Answer: -heat energy is transferred from one object through space to another -Examples -diathermy, UV therapy conversion 15 Correct Answer: -Generation of heat from another energy form such as sound waves, electricity or chemical agents -Example -ultrasound cryotherapy physical principles Correct Answer: -conduction is the most common method -how much the tissue is cooled depends on: -the cold medium, length of time and conductivity of the area (muscle vs fat) Cryotherapy physiological effects Correct Answer: -causes vasoconstriction -slows cell metabolism and need for oxygen -reduce muscle spasms and pains Cryotherapy precautions Correct Answer: -cold allergies (hives) -nerve palsy -no more than 20-25 minutes cryotherapy indications Correct Answer: -acute or chronic pain, muscle spasm -acute inflammation or injury 16 cryotherapy applications Correct Answer: -ice massage -cold water immersion -ice bag ice massage Correct Answer: -muscles, contusions, MTSS (shin splints) -5-10 minutes -feel cold, burning, aching and numbness cold water immersion Correct Answer: -temperature 55-65 degrees -5-15 minutes ice bag Correct Answer: 15-20 minutes thermotherapy physiological effects Correct Answer: -increase tissue extensibility -decrease joint stiffness -reduce pain -relieve muscle spasms 17 -increase blood flow (vasodilation) superficial heat Correct Answer: -increases temperature of superficial tissues -indications -reduce muscle spasm -increase blood flow -increase ROM before activity -facilitate tissue healing superficial heat precautions Correct Answer: -areas of decreased sensations -acute injuries -decreased circulation Moist heat therapies (moist heat packs) Correct Answer: -hydrocollator -relaxes and decrease pain and spasm -cover area with toweling -do not lay directly on pack -15-20 minutes warm whirlpool 18 Correct Answer: -conduction and convection -15-20 minutes -be careful with full body immersion -clean whirlpools frequently -all outlets should have GFIs (ground fault insulators) -98-110 degrees fahrenheit paraffin bath Correct Answer: -for extremities and chronic conditions -dip and cover contrast bath Correct Answer: -hot and cold water -begin with brief exposure to heat and gradually increase -3:1 or 4:1 ratio (hot to cold) therapeutic ultrasound Correct Answer: -deep heating modality -uses sound waves and vibration to create heat within musculature -2 different frequencies -1 MHz for deep heating, 3-5 cm -3 MHz for superficial heating, 1-2 cm -times vary depending on intensity, frequency, and body part 19 -move sound-head slowly and uniformly -do not apply over -eyes, ears, testes, brain, spinal cord and heart -acute injury areas and young children should not be treated electrotherapy Correct Answer: electricity in the form of energy that displays magnetic, chemical, mechanical and thermal effects on tissue electrotherapy uses Correct Answer: -pain control -muscle contraction or re-education -ion movement (swelling control) -electrical stimulation aka "stim" not "stem" Ecchymosis Correct Answer: discoloration of skin due to bleeding. Caused by bruising edema Correct Answer: swelling contusions Correct Answer: rupture of blood capillaries, bruising 20 hematoma Correct Answer: solid swelling of clotted blood -itis Correct Answer: inflammation Ex: tendonitis, tonsillitis hypertrophy Correct Answer: the enlargement of an organ or tissue from the increase in size of the cells atrophy Correct Answer: degeneration of cells Soft tissue healing Phase 1 Correct Answer: inflammatory phase -can be acute or chronic -usually 0-6 days after injury -Clotting initiated -vasoconstriction < 10 minutes -vasodilation Phase 1 Inflammatory Response 21 Correct Answer: -redness (rubor) -swelling (tumor0 -tenderness (dolor) -increased temp (color) -loss of function (functio laesa) -*this is critical to the entire healing process. Normal healing cannot take place without this. Phase 2 of Soft Tissue Healing Response Correct Answer: Fibroblastic Repair Phase -(3 - 21 days) -development of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) -fibrous tissue formation (fibroplasia) -generation of new tissue (re-epithelialization) -scar tissue starts to form Phase 3 of Soft Tissue Healing Response Correct Answer: Maturation (up to 2 years) -collagen continues to be formed -starts to realign -turns into scar tissue Types of Chronic Inflammation 22 Correct Answer: -Subacute Inflammation -Chronic Inflammation Subacute Inflammation Correct Answer: -residual effect due to initial inflammation -occurs after exercises or physical activity Chronic Inflammation Correct Answer: -caused by overuse and repeated acute micro-trauma 4 Types of Soft tissue Correct Answer: Epithelial Tissue Connective Tissue Muscle Tissue Nerve Tissue Epithelial Tissue Correct Answer: skin Connective Tissue Correct Answer: tendons and ligaments Cartilage Healing 23 Correct Answer: most cartilage does not heal quickly or at all ligaments healing Correct Answer: -collagen-scar tissue realignment -up to 12 months to heal tendon healing Correct Answer: -collagen-scar tissue realignment -collagen is most important for correct/strong tendon healing skeletal muscle healing Correct Answer: -healing and repair similar to that of other tissues -6-8 weeks for full recovery nerve healing Correct Answer: -cannot regenerate once dead -peripheral nerves regenerate very slowly -CNS heal very slow if at all management of soft tissue healing Correct Answer: -RICE -medications -therapeutic modalities 24 -therapeutic exercise -Platelet-Rich Plasma Injections (PRP) *patient's plasma injected into musculoskeletal conditions factors that impede healing Correct Answer: -extent of injury -edema -hemorrhage -poor vascular supply -separation of tissue -muscle spasm -atrophy -corticosteroids -keloids/hypertrophic scars -infection -environment -health/age/nutrition bone healing components Correct Answer: osteoblast, osteocyte, osteoclasts osteoblast Correct Answer: forms matrix for bone formation 25 osteocyte Correct Answer: forms and destroys bone, routine turnover in bone growth osteoclast Correct Answer: absorbs bone, critical for new bone formation Acute Fracture Healing Includes: Correct Answer: -Hematoma Formation -Callus Formation -Ossification -Remodeling Hematoma Formation Correct Answer: clotting of blood Callus Formation Correct Answer: weak, immature bones (fibrocartilage) form a soft callus Ossification Correct Answer: fibrocartilage hardens & forms bony callus of spongy bone Remodeling 26 Correct Answer: osteoclasts form hardened bone and reshaping of bone Stress Fracture Correct Answer: -a fracture of a bone caused by repeated (rather than sudden) mechanical stress -common in the tibia, metatarsals, metacarpals Types of Fractures Correct Answer: -Simple/Compound -depressed -transverse -Comminuted -oblique -Epiphyseal -spiral -Greenstick -avulsion -Impacted types of wound care Correct Answer: -abrasions -avulsions -lacerations 27 -punctures -incisions -bruises abrasions Correct Answer: occurs when the skin is scraped against a rough surface. The top layer of skin is worn away, exposing capillaries punctures Correct Answer: direct penetration of tissues by a pointed object. Ex: track shoe spike, icicle lacerations Correct Answer: occur when sharp object or pointed object tears tissue, giving wound a jagged-edged cavity incisions Correct Answer: similar to lacerations but the cut is very smooth, precise. Often occurs where a blow has been delivered over a sharp bone or poorly padded bone. avulsions Correct Answer: occur where skin is torn from the body; often associated with major bleeding 28 bruises Correct Answer: consequences of sudden compressive, blunt force to the skin. Skin is not broken but soft tissue is traumatized. Superficial blood vessels are disrupted wound cleansing Correct Answer: the delivery of nontoxic solution to the wound bed to remove foreign bodies/debris, dressing residue, and bacteria from wound types of cleaning techniques Correct Answer: -Irrigation -Showering -Scrubbing and Swabbing -Whirlpool bath/soaks -Debridement irrigation Correct Answer: -the controlled flow of a solution across the wound bed and surrounding tissue -preferred method for open, tragic wounds -effective in removal of foreign bodies/debris and bacteria in tissues showering Correct Answer: used for larger traumatic wounds & post-op incisions 29 scrubbing and swabbing Correct Answer: -direct contact of pre-moistened brush or gauze with tissues to remove bacteria and debris -not recommended for cleaning because it damages tissues -ineffective in lowering bacterial counts Whirlpool baths/soaks Correct Answer: -immersing the body part and wound into a tub/container of cleansing solution to hydrate and loosen contaminants and necrotic tissues from wounds -does increase the risk of cross-contamination debridement Correct Answer: -the removal of necrotic tissue, foreign bodies/debris, and bacteria from wound bed -performed as soon as possible to lessen the risk of infection signs of infection Correct Answer: -red, swollen, warmth around -tender tissue, fever, delated wound healing -If noted, immediately refer to physician bacterial infections 30 Correct Answer: usually caused by some form of staph or strep -Ex: abscesses, acne, folliculitis, boils, carbuncles, and impetigo fungal infections Correct Answer: usually accompanied by an itch -thrive in dark, warm, moist environments -tineas, yeast, etc. viral infections Correct Answer: -difficult to treat and require long term treatment -herpes, verrucae (warts), HPV, and molluscum impetigo etiology Correct Answer: -bacterial infection - caused by strep -children and wrestlers -body folds/friction impetigo S/S and Tx Correct Answer: S/S -rapid spreading between close contact -itching or burning -soreness over the area of itching -pustules that eventually ooze honey colored crust 31 Tx -antibiotics Tetanus Infection (Lock Jaw) Etiology Correct Answer: -bacterial infection - caused by Tetanus Bacillus -found in soil, saliva, or feces -enters through deep lacerations or puncture wounds tetanus infection S/S and Tx Correct Answer: S/S -stiff jaw and neck muscles -elevated fever -difficulty talking Tx -intensive care unit -immunizations every 5-10 years -deadly if not treated quickly MRSA (Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus) Etiology Correct Answer: -bacterial infection (staph) that is highly resistant to some antibiotics -wrestling/football -skin to skin contact, sharing equipment/uniforms, improper use of disinfectants 32 MRSA S/S and Tx Correct Answer: S/S -red, warm, swollen, and painful area on the skin -drainage of pus or other fluids form the site -fever Tx -early referral and isolation from others (teammates) -ER/MD -strong antibiotics -surgery Furuncles (boils) etiology Correct Answer: -bacterial infections (staph) of hair follicle -forms pustule Furuncles S/S and Tx Correct Answer: S/S -more common in neck, face, buttocks -large, red, hard pustule -increased pain and tenderness over area -rupture spontaneously Tx 33 -DO NOT POP! -refer! -antibiotics -keep away from others when boil is draining folliculitis etiology Correct Answer: -bacterial inflammation of the hair follicle - staph -beard, scalp, groin, buttocks, anywhere there is hair -curly hair and those that shave folliculitis S/S and Tx Correct Answer: S/S -redness around follicle -pustular rash, possible crust formation Tx -moist heat to increase circulation -antibiotic - topical and/or oral Tinea Corporis (ringworm of the body) etiology Correct Answer: -fungal infection, anywhere on the body Tinea Corporis S/S and Tx Correct Answer: S/S 34 -itchy, red-brown, circular, raised patch -increase in perspiration and friction increase condition Tx -antifungal cream -Ex: Lotrimin or Lamisil Tinea Capitis (ringworm of the scalp) etiology Correct Answer: -fungal infection, specific to scalp -common in children -source: animals, barber clippers, hair brushes, and combs Tinea Capitis S/S and Tx Correct Answer: S/S -small gray scales at first -scattered bald patches Tx -can be much harder to get rid of than Tinea Corporis -antifungal medications/shampoos Tinea Pedis (athlete's foot) etiology Correct Answer: -fungal infection of the foot Tinea Pedis S/S and Tx 35 Correct Answer: S/S -itchy, red, and scaling on the foot Tx -antifungals Ex: Tinactin -good foot hygiene Tinea Versicolor Etiology Correct Answer: -very common, stems from a form of yeast -excessive heat, humidity and oily skin promote the growth Tinea Versicolor S/S and Tx Correct Answer: S/S -primarily seen on the back -areas do not tan and look like white or pink patches -not contagious Tx -topical cream and/or shampoo -repigmentation does occur but takes a few months Tinea Cruris (Jock Itch) Etiology Correct Answer: -fungal infection of the groin Tinea Cruris S/S and Tx 36 Correct Answer: S/S -itchy patches of skin usually in the genital region Tx -antifungal medication Herpes Zoster (shingles, adult chicken pox) etiology Correct Answer: -reaction to age, stress, immunosuppression -result from previous viral infection, not direct contact Herpes Zoster S/S and Tx Correct Answer: S/S -painful, burning, tingling, itching before rash -blister like lesions -fluid filled lesions -follows dermatome patterns Tx -antiviral drugs (Acyclovir) -Antihistamines for itching -let it run its course -usually heals within a month Herpes Gladiatorum Etiology Correct Answer: -80 different forms 37 -herpes virus Herpes Gladiatorum S/S and Tx Correct Answer: S/S -located on face/head/neck -burning painful area -cluster of vesicles Tx -antiviral medications -acyclovir -Valtrex Mollusum Contagiosum Etiology Correct Answer: -pox virus -more contagious than warts -direct body contact to contract Mollusum Contagiosum S/S and Tx Correct Answer: S/S -small red/flesh colored papules Tx -surgical removal -liquid nitrogen 38 Scabies Etiology Correct Answer: -eight legged burrowing mite -deposits eggs inside of the burrow holes Scabies S/S and Tx Correct Answer: S/S -dark lines between webbing of fingers/toes -intense itching, increases at night Tx -topical ointment -close family members/roommates to be treated at well -wash all bedding/clothing/fabric Sunburn Etiology Correct Answer: -inflammatory response of the skin to excessive ultraviolet radiation -premature aging, cutaneous melanoma, cancer Sunburn S/S and Tx Correct Answer: S/S -1st, 2nd, 3rd degree burns -redness 2-8 hours after exposure -blisters, peeling of the skin 39 -Sx dissipate 72-96 hours Tx -topical hydrocortisone, aloe vera Principles of conditioning Correct Answer: should be applied in all conditioning programs to minimize the likelihood of injury safety Correct Answer: keep the conditioning environment safe. Educate individuals on proper techniques when to push harder and back off warm up/cool down Correct Answer: take time to do appropriate warm up. Do not neglect cool down after training motivation Correct Answer: most are generally motivated individuals. Vary training programs and new techniques to keep them challenged and engaged. overload Correct Answer: to improve physiological goals you have to work harder than accustomed. -SAID 40 SAID (Specific Adaptation to Imposed Demands) Correct Answer: when the body is subjected to stress and overloads of varying intensities, it will gradually adapt over time to overcome whatever demands are placed on it. consistency Correct Answer: engaging in a conditioning program on a regularly scheduled basis to be effective. progression Correct Answer: increase the intensity of the program gradually and within their ability to adapt to workload. intensity Correct Answer: stress intensity of workload rather than quantity. Increase tempo/workload rather than duration of time. -tired athletes/patients are more prone to injury specificity Correct Answer: identify specific goals for the program. Programs should be designed to meet the goals and needs of the individual. individuality 41 Correct Answer: needs of individuals will vary considerably. Recognize those differences and adjust/alter programs to accommodate those needs. minimal stress Correct Answer: most will train to their physical limits but push as far as possible. Make sure to consider the other aspects of life. warm up Correct Answer: -helps in the prevention of musculoskeletal injuries and possible muscle soreness before exercise. -helps to prepare the body physiologically for the upcoming physical work. -Purpose is to stimulate the cardiovascular system to a moderate degree and increase blood flow to skeletal muscles. -examples: 2-3 minutes of light jogging/cycling and into Dynamic warm up. dynamic stretching Correct Answer: continuous movement using hopping, skipping, and bounding activities. -includes exercises that address major muscle groups -should be done in 5-20 minutes -example: walking calf stretch, knees to chest, lateral shuffle, walking lunge, butt kick cool down Correct Answer: -enables the body to cool and return to a resting state -should be 5-10 minutes post exercises/practice 42 -often ignored -example: jogging that progresses into a walk cardiorespiratory endurance Correct Answer: -The ability to perform whole-body, large muscle activities for extended periods of time. -Provides a means for oxygen to be supplied to various tissues in the body. -Critical for both performance and preventing fatigue that may predispose a person to injury. techniques to improve cardiorespiratory endurance Correct Answer: continuous training divided into four parts: frequency of activity intensity of activity type of activity time of activity frequency of activity Correct Answer: minimal improvement in CRE seen with 3x a week. Should aim for 4-5x a week. -one day off for psychological and physiological rest recommended intensity of activity 43 Correct Answer: recommendations vary based on individual. Very important in early stages to adjust to workload demands. -influenced by Heart Rate and Rate of Perceived Exertion (determines their intensity of exercises to their oxygen consumption). heart rate Correct Answer: -monitoring HR is related to the intensity of the exercises and the rate of oxygen used. -helps to identify the specific pace that will make the heart work at optimal levels for exercise. max heart rate Correct Answer: related to age -HRmax= 208-0.7(age) target heart rate Correct Answer: dependent on exercise intensity -moderate: 70-79% of max -vigorous: 80% or greater of max type of activity Correct Answer: must be aerobic! aerobic activity 44 Correct Answer: elevate HR and maintain at level for a certain time. Whole body large muscle groups movements performed for extended time -ex: running, jogging, cycling, swimming, stair climbing -time should be 20-60 minutes. Longer time = greater CRE movement time of activity Correct Answer: should be 20-60 minutes. longer time = greater CRE movement high intensity interval training Correct Answer: more intermittent activities. Periods of relative intense work and active recovery. -performance of much more work at a more intense workload over a longer period of time. -80% of max HR is hit for a few minutes then 30-45% hit for the active recovery -helps to increase cardiorespiratory fitness in as little as two weeks. fartlek training Correct Answer: cross-country running technique originated in Sweden -similar to interval training as you run for a specified time period but no specified pace of speed. -varied terrain, uphill and downhill, obstacles -focus is to vary pace and speed to increase CRE aerobic vs. anaerobic 45 Correct Answer: Aerobic: -continuous, long duration, sustained activities -less intense -50-85% of max range -at least 3x but not more than 6x a week -20-60 minutes -less risk to sedentary or older individuals Anaerobic: -explosive, short duration, burst type activities -more intense -85-100% of max range -3-4x per week -10 seconds to 2 minutes -used in sport and team activities thermoregulation Correct Answer: body maintains body temperature radiation Correct Answer: loss of heat from a warmer object to a cooler object in the form of infrared waves without physical contact -ex: body is usually hotter than the environment 46 conduction Correct Answer: direct transfer of heat through liquid, solid, or gas -ex: soccer player absorbing heat through the feet by standing on a hot turf convection Correct Answer: heat lost by movement of air or water over an object -ex: wind chill evaporation Correct Answer: water leaves the body (sweat) and is evaporated into a gas -80% of heat loss Measuring Heat-Stress Index Correct Answer: Measure of -air temperature -humidity -solar radiant energy Using: -wet-bulb-globe temperature -sling psychrometer dehydration 47 Correct Answer: Progressively decreases -plasma volume -peripheral blood flow -stroke volume -sweating dehydration increases risk of Correct Answer: -heat illness -physiologic function hindrance -physical performance hindrance -thirst is NOT an accurate indicator of dehydration -2% of body weight loss hydration recommendations Correct Answer: -pre exercise hydration: 17-20 oz 2-3 hours before and 7-10 oz 10-20 minutes before exercise -exercise hydration: 7-10 oz every 10 - 20 minutes -post-exercise hydration: 150% of weight loss within 6 hours Prevention of Dehydration/Heat Illness Correct Answer: Clothing -wear light colored, and porous (drifit) 48 Practice Schedules -change to mornings or evenings on hotter days -schedule water breaks every half hour for 10 minutes weight charts -measure weight before and after practice -3% body weight or more withheld from next practice proper hydration/diet before and after practice -acclimatization (progressively work into wearing all of the gear) -during the first week of practice (outdoor sports) Heat Rash S/S and Tx Correct Answer: AKA Prickly Heat S/S -red, raised rash -prickling/tingling sensation while sweating -located on areas covered by clothing Tx -towel off the body, keep it dry heat syncope etiology Correct Answer: AKA heat collapse -rapid physical fatigue during overexposure to heat -not accustomed to heat 49 heat syncope S/S and Tx Correct Answer: S/S -pooling of blood in extremities -dizziness, nausea, fainting Tx -laying down in shade/cool environment -elevate lower extremities -replacing fluids Exercise Associated Muscle Cramps -- heat cramps etiology Correct Answer: -involuntary muscle spasm caused by excessive water and electrolyte loss during exercise exercise associated muscle cramps -- heat cramps S/S and Tx Correct Answer: S/S -usually calf or abdominal -fatigue, muscle cramps, sweating Tx -stop activity, replace fluids, ice massage, salty foods Heat Exhaustion etiology 50 Correct Answer: ineffective circulatory adjustments, depletion on extracellular fluid due to excessive sweating heat exhaustion S/S and Tx Correct Answer: S/S -thirst, headache, dizziness, lightheadedness, fatigue, profuse sweating, weak rapid pulse, low blood pressure Tx -cool location, remove equipment, ice, water immersion exertional heat stroke etiology Correct Answer: thermoregulatory system is overloaded by increasing body temperature exertional heat stroke S/S and Tx Correct Answer: S/S -confused, disoriented, lack of sweating, unbalanced, hot and dry skin. Body temperature 104 degrees Tx -cool place, remove equipment, ice, water immersion, monitor core temperature Hypothermia Correct Answer: reduced body temperature, occurs when body is unable to maintain constant core temperature (98.5 degrees) -mild: core body temp (95 degrees) 51 -moderate-to-severe temp (94-90 degrees) hypothermia S/S and Tx Correct Answer: S/S -shivering, confusion, slurred speech, progresses to no shivering, no pain, unaware of surroundings Tx -mild: remove cold wet clothing, gradually warm -moderate-to-severe: emergency room Raynaud Syndrome etiology, S/S and Tx Correct Answer: source is unknown S/S -digits become cold, pale, and numb -followed by redness, throbbing, pain, swelling Tx -slow warming affected area -refer to physician -refrain from smoking frostbite etiology Correct Answer: freezing of soft tissue 52 frostbite S/S and Tx Correct Answer: S/S -1st: superficial skin and underlying tissues are damaged -2nd: extends into the subcutaneous tissues -3rd: deep subcutaneous tissues, possible damage to bones, muscles, etc. -red and swollen, tingling followed by the area turning white with yellow or blue tint, waxy look Tx -removal from area -slow warming of the area, water immersion 98-104 degrees for 15 minutes altitude disorders Correct Answer: density of air decreases progressively with ascension above sea level. -makes it harder to deliver oxygen to working muscles -onset of hypoxia: a reduced concentration of oxygen in air, blood, or tissue high altitude illness depends on Correct Answer: -rate of ascent -altitude reached -individual susceptibility acute mountain sickness etiology Correct Answer: rapid ascent to altitudes above 8,200 feet 53 -predisposed with: cold temps, respiratory infections, family history of AMS, use of cigarettes/alcohol acute mountain S/S and Tx Correct Answer: S/S 4-8 hours after arrival of high altitude -headache, dizziness, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, suppressed appetite, insomnia, tachycardia -Tx -reduction of altitude, physical rest -acclimatization and physical conditioning high-altitude pulmonary edema Correct Answer: usually occurs after descent and reascent, lungs accumulate with fluid high-altitude pulmonary edema S/S and Tx Correct Answer: S/S -dyspnea, cough, reduced exercise tolerance, fatigue, headache, tachycardia Tx -paid return to lower altitude, oxygen, reduce exertion pulmonary pollutant Correct Answer: -emitted directly into the environment -carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, particulates 54 secondary pollutant Correct Answer: -develop from interactions of primary pollutants -ozone, sulfuric acid, sulfates particulates Correct Answer: dust, soot, smoke flash-bang rule Correct Answer: if lightning (flash) occurs within 30 seconds of thunder (bang) -divide by 5 for distance -ex: 30 second flash-bang is 30/5 = 6 miles away -sporting events should be postponed for 30 minutes after last flash-bang -who is in charge? Depends on what is going on (typically the AT of the event) -chain of command? Athletic trainers, umpires, current guidelines for outdoor sports in thunderstorms Correct Answer: -monitor weather based on mileage and lightning mapping -within 20 minutes - warning -within 12 miles - start cleaning up -within 10 miles- off field -wait 30 minutes until activity can begin again -every new lightning strike within 10 miles starts 30 minutes over again 55 thunderstorm shelter Correct Answer: -if no structural shelter is available, hard-topped automobiles offer sufficient lightning protection -vehicles such as golf carts and convertibles don ot provide and lightning shelter -roll up the windows and don't touch any part of the metal frame (like resting your arm on the window) or any wired devices in the vehicle (include the steering wheel or plugged-in cellular phone) more about shelter/lightning hitting shelter Correct Answer: -A direct strike to your car will flow through the frame of the vehicle and usually jump over or through the tires to reach ground. Most lightning incidents to cars result in one or more flat tires and damage to the electrical system, but no injury to the occupants. -Dugouts are NOT safe lightning detector devices Correct Answer: -several handheld lightning detectors are on the market that sound an alarm weh lightning occurs within a set distance -these battery-operated detectors, priced at around $200, are commonly used by personnel at golf courses, pools, parks and benches -Weatherbug, Weather Channel, Wx Sentry (DTN)* lightning injury etiology Correct Answer: Triple Threat 56 -Burn -electromechanical forces -blunt trauma lightning injury S/S and Tx Correct Answer: S/S -lichtenberg figure, burns, cardiac standstill, respiratory arrest Tx -activate EMS, treat respiratory arrest/cardiac standstill