Nur 155 Test 1 Diabetes Mellitus Questions and Answers

Nur 155 Test 1 Diabetes Mellitus Questions and Answers diabetes mellitus - Answers ️️ -chronic multisystem disease characterized by hyperglycemia from abnormal insulin production, impaired insulin use or both. Type 1 diabetes - Answers ️️ -an autoimmune disorder in which the body develps antibodies against insulin and/or the pancreatic β cells that make insulin. Risk factors for type 1 diabetes - Answers ️️ -a genetic predisposition and exposure to a virus type 2 diabetes - Answers ️️ -a combination of inadequate insulin secretion and insulin resistance major distinction between type 1 and type 2 diabetes - Answers ️️ -the presence of endogenous insulin in type 2 and lack of in type 1. risk factors for type 2 diabetes - Answers ️️ -overweight or obese, being older and having a family history of type 2 diabetes gestational diabetes - Answers ️️ -develops during pregnancy. higher risk of c-section and babies have incresed risk for perinatal death, birth injury and neonatal complications. risk factors for gestational diabetes - Answers ️️ -obesity, advanced maternal age or family history of diabetes Conditions that may cause diabetes resulting from injury to, interference with, or destruction of the β-cell function in the pancreas - Answers ️️ -Cushing syndrome, hyperthyroidism, recurrent pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis, hemochromatosis, and parenteral nutrition Common drugs that can induce diabetes - Answers ️️ -corticosteroids (prednisone), thiazides, phenytoin (Dilantin), and atypical antipsychotics (e.g., clozapine [Clozaril]) T/F Diabetes caused by medical conditions or drugs can resolve when the underlying condition is treated or the drug is discontinued - Answers ️️ -true classic symptoms of type 1 diabetes - Answers ️️ -polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia other symptoms of type 1 diabetes - Answers ️️ -weight loss, weakness, fatigue and ketoacidosis symptoms of type 2 diabetes - Answers ️️ -often nonspecific. possible to have polyuria, polydipsia and poyphagia. more common are fatigue, recurrent infections, recurrent vaginal yeast or candida infections, prolonged wound healing and vision problems. 4 methods for diagnosing diabetes - Answers ️️ -1. A1C of 6.5% or higher 2. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) level of 126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L) or greater. Fasting is defined as no caloric intake for at least 8 hours 3. A 2-hour plasma glucose level of 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) or greater during an OGTT, using a glucose load of 75 g 4. In a patient with classic symptoms of hyperglycemia (polyuria, polydipsia, unexplained weight loss) or hyperglycemic crisis, a random plasma glucose level of 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) or greater goals of diabetes management - Answers ️️ -maintain weight to keep BMI <25, maintain normal blood sugar: fasting 60-99, post-prandial <140. maintain HgbA1c <7. prevent complications - wounds, infections, neuropathy, renal failure, etc. tools used in managing diabetes - Answers ️️ -Patient and caregiver teaching and follow-up programs. Nutrition therapy, drug therapy, exercise, and self-monitoring of blood glucose 3 major types of glucose-lowering agents (GLAs) used in the treatment of diabetes - Answers ️️ -insulin, oral agents (OAs), and noninsulin injectable agents The insulin approach that most closely mimics endogenous insulin production - Answers ️️ - basal-bolus plan what does the basal-bolus plan consist of? - Answers ️️ -multiple daily insulin injections (or an insulin pump) together with frequent self-monitoring of blood glucose (or a continuous glucose monitoring system). Injections include rapid- or short-acting (bolus) insulin before meals and intermediate- or long-acting (basal) background insulin once or twice a day. Rapid-acting synthetic insulin analogs - Answers ️️ -aspart (NovoLog), glulisine (Apidra), and lispro (Humalog) onset of action of Rapid-acting synthetic insulin analogs - Answers ️️ -about 15 minute. They should be injected within 15 minutes of mea