PDHPE CORE 1 HSC exam questions and answers 2024

PODD Prevention and control measures, Occurrence, Distributions, Determinants Measures of Epidemiology Mortality, Morbidity, Infant mortality, Life expectancy Principles of Social Justice Equity, Diversity, Supportive environments Trends for the survival rates for Cancer: Both males and females are increasing Three priority issues 1. Groups experiencing health inequities 2. High level of preventable chronic disease, injury and mental health problems. 3. Growing and ageing population Statistics about Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People 1. Leading causes of death: Circulatory disease, cancer, diabetes and respiratory diseases. 2. 4-5 times more likely to die from preventable causes. 3. More likely to die from transport accidents, intentional self-harm, assault. What contributes to the poor health of Indigenous people? Social factors: e.g. dispossession, dislocation and discrimination. Disadvantages: e.g. education, housing, income, employment. Physical environmental factors. Health inequalities experienced by people living in rural or remote areas. Poorer health status, higher death rates, lower life expectancy (decreases with remoteness) How can the poorer health status of rural communities be explained? 1. Lack of access to health services 2. Lower socioeconomic status 3. Occupational hazards 4. Poorer living conditions What are the three major Cardiovascular conditions? 1. Coronary heart disease 2. Stroke 3. Peripheral vascular disease What is cardiovascular disease? All the diseases and conditions of the heart and blood vessels Risk factors of Cardiovascular disease Non-modifiable: Age, Heredity, Gender Modifiable: Smoking, High BP, high blood fats, overweight and obesity, lack of physical exercise. Protective Factors for Cardiovascular disease Maintain healthy BP and Blood Cholesterol, Healthy lifestyle choices (not smoking, food, physically activity, weight). What are the four classifications of cancer? 1. Carcinoma - cancer of epithelial cells (skin, mouth, throat, breasts and lungs) 2. Sarcoma - cancer of bone, muscle of connective tissue 3. Leukaemia - cancer of the blood-forming organs 4. Lymphoma - cancer of infection-fighting organs Trends/ Statistic of Cancer - Second most common cause of death - Increase in cancer incidence What are the groups at risk of cancer? Smokers, socio-economically disadvantaged, high-fat, low-fibre diet, family history, fair skin, sun exposure, women who have never given birth. Growing and ageing population Older Australians = 65 years and over Make up 13% of population, predicted to rise between 27-30% by 2051 Leading cause of death in this age group is heart disease and cerebrovascular disease (stroke). What is causing the ageing population to grow? - Families are having fewer children - Living longer What is community care? A program to assist the elderly to manage daily activities within their home. What are the two types of residential aged care? 1. Low level - assistance with meals, laundry, cleaning and personal care. 2. High level - provides nursing care, meals, laundry, cleaning and personal care. What are the categories of Health Services? 1. Public health services 2. Primary care and community health care services 3. Hospitals 4. Specialised health services What does public health focus on? a) prevention, promotion and protection b) populations c) factors and behaviours that cause illness What is the private sector? private hospitals, specialist doctors, private GPs, physiotherapy, dentistry, pharmacy, chiropractic, raidology and many other services. What is Medicare? Allows simple and equitable access to all Australian citizens. Is designed to protect people from costs of sickness. Provides free or subsidised medical care, free public hospital treatments. Based on Universality, equity and simplicity. What is the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS)? Subsidises most prescription medicines. 5 Action areas of the Ottawa Charter 1. Developing personal skills 2. Creating Supportive Environments 3. Strengthening community action 4. Reorienting health services 5. Building healthy public policy Measuring Health Status Role of Epidemiology Measures of Epidemiology Identifying Priority Health Issues Social Justice Principles Priority Population Groups Prevalence of Condition Potential for Prevention & Early Intervention Costs to the Individual & Community Groups Experiencing Health Inequities Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islanders Socioeconomically Disadvantaged Rural & Remote Areas Overseas-Born Elderly Disabled Preventable Chronic Disease, Injury & Mental Health Cardiovascular Disease Cancer Diabetes Respiratory Disease Injury Mental Health Growing & Ageing Population Healthy Ageing Increased Population with Chronic Disease Demand for Health Services & Workforce Shortages Availability of Carers & Volunteers Health Care in Australia Range & Types of Health Services Responsibility for Health Services Equity of Access to Health Services Health Care vs Prevention Expenditure Impact of Emerging Treatments & Technologies Health Insurance (Medicare vs Private) Complementary & Alternative Health Care Reasons for Growth Range of Products & Services Making Informed Consumer Choices Health Promotion Based on the Ottawa Charter Levels of Responsibility for Health Promotion Benefits of Partnerships in Health Promotion How Ottawa Charter Promotes Social Justice Ottawa Charter in Action Health priority issues Aboriginal population, low economic status, rural areas, prevalance of certain diseases, the structure of the pop e.g. aging population Health status Pattern of the general health of a population over time Epidemiology The study of disease in groups or populations through the collection of data/info to indentify patterns/causes Prevalence The no. of cases of diseases in a population at a specific time Incidence The no. of new cases of disease occuring in a population Observations/statistics gathered via epidemiology help: Describe/compare the patterns of the health of groups, communities & populations Identify health needs/allocate health-care resources Evaluate health behaviours/strategies to control/prevent disease Epidemiology uses statistics on: Births, deaths, disease prevalance & incidence, hospital use Limitations of epidemiology Does not tell us WHY a disease/illness occurs, does not always show signficant variations in health status among pop. subgroups e.g. Aboriginal & non-Aboriginal, might not accurately indicate quality of life e.g. disability/handicap, does not account for health determinants e.g. social, economic, environmental factors Measures of epidemiology Mortality, infant mortality, morbidity, life expectancy Mortality Refers to the no. of deaths in a given pop. from a particular cause and/over a period of time Morbidity The incidence/level of illness, disease or injury in a given pop Life expectancy The length of time a person can expect to live referring to the average no. of years of life based on current death rates Infant mortality Refers to the no. of infant deaths in the first year of life per. 1000 live births Improvements in life expectancy can be attributed to: Lower infant mortality, education of risk factors e.g. P.E classes, declining death rates from CVD e.g. physical activity promotion, declining overall death rates from cancer e.g. breast screening, falls in death rates from traffic accidents e.g. drink driving campaigns Current trends in life expectancy Major factor increasing life expectancy= reduction in infant mortality rate Life expectancy improvements in 1st half of the 20th c Pneumonia + influenza=major cause of sickness/death Attributed to: improved public health measures e.g. water/food quality, medical advances e.g. penicillin/immunisation programs Life expectancy improvements in 2nd half of the 20th c Lifestyle-related diseases major cause of sickness/death not so much infectious diseases-e.g. CVD Attributed to: national public health strategies e.g. quit smoking programs, medical advances e.g. HPV immunisations, education Main causes of mortality in males (05): 1. Coronary heart disease, 2. lung cancer, 3. Cerebrovascular disease 4. Other heart diseases, 5. Prostate cancer Main causes of mortality in females (05): 1. Coronary heart disease, 2. cerebrovascular disease, 3. other heart diseases, 4. dementia/related disorders, 5. breast cancer Trends in mortality Death rates (Aus) have fallen due to treatment/managment of infectious disease + improvements in sanitation/living conditions, understanding of infectious disease, development/use of antibiotics + vaccines Trends in CVD: Decrease in death rate due to advances in treatment e.g. early detection Trends in cancer: Most common: lung cancer in males, breast cancer in females, increased incidence over 20 yrs, mortality rates fallen for both m/f, prevention/treatment strategies e.g. pap smears, breast screening, prostate examinations Trends in other causes of death: Motor vehicle accidents fell-