PC707 Module 8 – Endocrine Exam with 100% Verified and Updated Solutions

PC707 Module 8 – Endocrine Exam with 100% Verified and Updated Solutions Why do we give insulin via IV/IM? - answerInsulin is a protein; proteins are digested in the stomach, therefore, insulin is not bioavailable when given orally; it must be given by injection or intravenously (IV). Why should we be careful adjusting insulin in type 1 DM? - answerThese patients produce no endogenous insulin and are therefore very sensitive to adjustments. How does an insulin pump infuse during the day for usage? - answerA basal infusion of insulin plus bolus doses before each meal are used For insulin pump usage, how many types of insulin are used? - answerOnly one type of insulin is used for both basal and mealtime coverage Describe Beta-adrenergic blockers in terms of hypoglycemia: - answerIt can delay drug awareness and response to hypoglycemia by masking the stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system that hypoglycemia causes--e.g., tachycardia, palpitations, & shaking What medication is considered a weight neutral drug and may help with weight regulation? - answerBiguanides: Metformin (Glucophage) When might a patient's Metformin be held? - answerWhen a patient is scheduled for a radiological procedure requiring IV contrast, have the patient hold the medication for 48 hours after the procedure. What organ is Metformin a stressor to? - answerkidneys Metformin BBW? - answerLactic acidosis (it is rare) What commodities place patients at risk for lactic acidosis:? - answerRenal insufficiency, Current liver disease, Heart failure, Past history of lactic acidosis, Severe infection with decreased tissue perfusion, Hypoxic states, Serious acute illness, Hemodynamic instability, Age 65 years or more, Having a radiological study with contrast, surgery, or other procedures, and excessive alcohol intake What is a common side effect of Metformin? - answergastrointestinal:*subside over time Potential drug to drug interactions with Metformin? - answerMetformin and cimetidine (Tagamet) resulting in an increase in metformin blood levels Are Sulfonylureas contraindicated in individuals with a sulfa allergy? - answerNo because the sulfonamide component in the typical sulfa antibiotics is of a different molecular structure than that found in sulfonylureas. If there seems to be a cross-reactivity between sulfonamide antibiotics (sulfonylarlamines) and other non-arylamine sulfonamides (sulfonyureas), what should you consider? - answerIt is due to the allergic susceptibility of the patient rather than a true cross-reactivity. What is the BBW for Thiazolidinediones? - answerMay cause or exacerbate heart failure What do Meglitinides do? - answerPromote insulin secretion, close potassium channels in B-cells What do Alpha-glucosidase Inhibitors do? - answerDelay carbohydrate digestion and absorption What is the BBW for SGLT2 inhibitors? - answerLimb amputation What are contraindicated during pregnancy due to fetal hyperinsulinemia? - answerThe first generation sulfonylureas What insulin is safe during breastfeeding? - answerNPH and regular human insulin What may result in infant exposure to insulin in breast milk? - answerMay help prevent type 1 diabetes in these infants. Caution is advised for the use of which newer biosynthetic insulins with breastfeeding due to limited studies? - answerAspart, detemir, glargine, glulisine, lispro What are some antithyroid treatments? - answersurgical ablation of thyroid tissue, radioactive dye, or antithyroid medications to destroy the overactive thyroid tissue. Why might Propranolol (Inderal) be prescribed? - answerIt can treat the symptoms of tachycardia, tremor, and anxiety until a euthyroid state is achieved. Synthroid is highly bound by which molecule? - answerprotein How is Synthroid taken? - answerTake after rising on empty stomach with full glass of water Common drugs that reduce Synthroid absorption: - answerPPIs, Calcium, & Iron Drug that Accelerates Synthroid metabolism: - answerIf thyroid replacement is started when patient taking warfarin, the dose of warfarin may need