CLEP Human Growth and Development REA Practice Exam 1 With Complete Solutions 2024

Which theoretical perspective emphasizes nature in the "nature versus nurture" controversy? A. Behavioral theory B. Social learning theory C. Social-cognitive theory D. Psychodynamic theory E. Sociocultural - (D) The psychodynamic theory emphasizes nature in the nature versus nurture debate more than the other perspectives listed because of the emphasis on inborn, biological drives within this perspective. Which theorist would be most likely to expect cultural differences in development? A. Vygotsky B. Piaget C. Freud D. Skinner E. Bowlby - (A) Vygotsky is the one theorist of the five who argued that culture influences cognitive development. He argued that a child's cognitive abilities develop as a result of engaging in tasks with older, more competent adults. He also argued that language affects thought. To determine whether boys and girls play differently, a researcher videotaped children at play during school recess. This is an example of a A. field experiment B. naturalistic observation C. cross-sectional study D. survey E. clinical interview - (B) Since the researcher is recording behavior in a natural setting, and is not controlling or manipulating any variables, it is a naturalistic observation. The average child begins to walk between A. 7 and 8 months B. 9 and 10 months C. 11 and 12 months D. 13 and 14 months E. 16 and 17 months - (C) Research on physical development shows that on average, children begin to walk on their own between 11 and 12 months of age. According to Piaget, adaptation is made up of the two processes called A. equilibration and accommodation B. accommodation and fixation C. equilibration and assimilation D. operation and conservation E. accommodation and assimilation - (E) Piaget used the term "adaptation" for the process of a child adjusting to the environment. The two complementary processes involved in adaptation are accommodation, when a child constructs a new scheme that organizes a new experience, and assimilation, when a child applies an already existing scheme to understand a new experience. Piaget argued that accommodation occurs when an attempt to assimilate new information fails. The fact that parents will provide less direction to a child who begins to show competence on a task, supports the theory of A. Bronfenbrenner B. Freud C. Piaget D. Vygotsky E. Bandura - (D) Vygotsky used the term "guided participation" or "scaffolding" to describe the cognitive support that older adults, like teachers or parents, provide to children when they engage in a task. Adults will adjust the amount of direction and support they provide as the child shows greater mastery over the task at hand. According to the information-processing approach, children's memories improve with age mainly because A. they get better at organizing information B. they develop additional memory storage systems C. their perceptual abilities improve D. they are more interested in remembering information E. parents expect older children to remember information better - (A) The information-processing approach argues children's memory improves because children get better at organizing to-be-learned information. The better a child can organize new information, the better that information is encoded for storage in memory and later retrieval. Jane digs a hole in the sandbox while Jim, who is sitting next to her, fills his bucket with sand. They share the shovels in the sandbox and talk about school. They are engaged in A. cooperative play B. parallel play C. mature play D. nonsocial play E. associative play - (E)