Contemporary Issues in Biology Exam 2 Questions and Answers

Contemporary Issues in Biology Exam 2 Questions and Answers how many types of proteins are humans made of - Answer- about 2 million what do humans run on - Answer- the energy of ATP converted from glucose and fats what is cellular respiration - Answer- the process by which energy of glucose (sugar) is converted into the energy of ATP that is used by the cells to stay alive where does cellular respiration occur - Answer- in the mitocondria do all cells have a mitocondria - Answer- yes, all cells have a mitochondria for cellular respiration and the production of ATP what is the energy for the contraction of a muscle supplied by - Answer- ATP what is the ATP-ADP cycle - Answer- ADP is a low energy molecule, cellular respiration converts ADP to ATP, ATP is a high energy molecule, muscle contraction "uses" ATP (ATP is converted back to ADP what is ATP - Answer- it is a tri-phosphate, has 3 phosphate groups, higher energy state, more available energy for the cell what is ADP - Answer- it is a di-phosphate, 2 phosphate groups, lower energy state, no available energy for the cell what are the three types of food molecules - Answer- protein, fat, carbohydrates what is a protein - Answer- chains of amino acids what is a fat - Answer- glycerol bonded to three fatty acids what is a carbohydrate - Answer- individual or chains or simple sugar units What is protein synthesis - Answer- two amino acids bond together through condensation synthesis or hydrolysis to form a protein (bonded by a peptide bond) and a water molecule fat synthesis - Answer- fats are composed of a glycerol molecule bonded to three fatty acids. Fats provide for long term energy storage. Fats are high energy molecules as seen by all of the hydrogen atoms bonded to the carbons on the fatty acid tails. carbohydrate synthesis maltose - Answer- Simple sugars (monosaccharides) may be attached to other simple sugars to form double sugars (disaccharides) carbohydrate starch - Answer- When many simple sugars are joined together we end up with a complex carbohydrate (polysaccharide) it is readily broken down by the digestive system into individual glucose molecules to fuel cellular respiration throughout the body carbohydrate cellulose - Answer- cellulose is in the walls of plant cells.Humans do not produce an enzyme to digest cellulose (therefore it passes through the digestive system as undigested "fiber") path of food molecules - Answer- food > digestive system > circulatory system > body cells parts of the digestive system - Answer- mouth, salivary glands, esophagus, liver, gastric glands, gall bladder, stomach, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine before digestion: food molecules that are too large to move from the digestive tract into blood - Answer- protein, fat, carbohydrates