Module 1 (Biological Molecules) Revision Notes
What are biological molecules? molecules made and used by living organisms e.g. Carbohydrates,
Proteins, Lipids, DNA, ATP, Water, Inorganic Ions
What are the functions of carbohydrates?
energy source (glucose in respiration)
energy store (starch in plants, glycogen in animals)
structure (cellulose in cell wall of plants)
What are the building blocks for carbohydrates called? monosaccharides
Example of monosaccharides? glucose (alpha and beta), galactose, fructose
Formula for monosaccharides? C6H12O6 (isomers = same formula but different arrangement)
Difference between alpha and beta glucose? on Carbon 1, alpha glucose has a OH group on the
bottom and beta glucose has a OH group on the top
How are monosaccharides joined together? condensation reaction (removing water) – between 2
OH groups
Bond in carbohydrate? glycosidic bond (1,4 – between carbon 1 and carbon 4)
Example of disaccharides? glucose + glucose = maltose, glucose + galactose = lactose,
glucose + fructose = sucrose
Formula for disaccharides? C12H22O11
How are polymers separated? hydrolysis (add water)
What is a polysaccharide? many monosacharrides joined by condensation reaction/glycosidic
bonds
Example of polysaccharides?
Starch (long chain of alpha glucose) which is energy store in plants
Glycogen (long chain of alpha glucose) which is energy store in animals
Cellulose (long chain of beta glucose) which makes cell wall in plants
What are Polysaccharides?
carbohydrates
made of a long chain of monosaccharides joined by condensation reaction/glycosidic
bonds
3 examples: Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose
Starch & Glycogen used as Energy Stores (starch in plants, glycogen in animals), they
are made out of many alpha glucose which are used for respiration
Cellulose used to form Cell Wall in Plants, made out of many beta glucose
What are biological molecules? molecules made and used by living organisms e.g. Carbohydrates,
Proteins, Lipids, DNA, ATP, Water, Inorganic Ions
What are the functions of carbohydrates?
energy source (glucose in respiration)
energy store (starch in plants, glycogen in animals)
structure (cellulose in cell wall of plants)
What are the building blocks for carbohydrates called? monosaccharides
Example of monosaccharides? glucose (alpha and beta), galactose, fructose
Formula for monosaccharides? C6H12O6 (isomers = same formula but different arrangement)
Difference between alpha and beta glucose? on Carbon 1, alpha glucose has a OH group on the
bottom and beta glucose has a OH group on the top
How are monosaccharides joined together? condensation reaction (removing water) – between 2
OH groups
Bond in carbohydrate? glycosidic bond (1,4 – between carbon 1 and carbon 4)
Example of disaccharides? glucose + glucose = maltose, glucose + galactose = lactose,
glucose + fructose = sucrose
Formula for disaccharides? C12H22O11
How are polymers separated? hydrolysis (add water)
What is a polysaccharide? many monosacharrides joined by condensation reaction/glycosidic
bonds
Example of polysaccharides?
Starch (long chain of alpha glucose) which is energy store in plants
Glycogen (long chain of alpha glucose) which is energy store in animals
Cellulose (long chain of beta glucose) which makes cell wall in plants
What are Polysaccharides?
carbohydrates
made of a long chain of monosaccharides joined by condensation reaction/glycosidic
bonds
3 examples: Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose
Starch & Glycogen used as Energy Stores (starch in plants, glycogen in animals), they
are made out of many alpha glucose which are used for respiration
Cellulose used to form Cell Wall in Plants, made out of many beta glucose
