Saylor Academy - PHIL102 Final Study Exam Questios with 100% Correct Answers

Saylor Academy - PHIL102 Final Study Exam Questios with 100% Correct Answers literal meaning - answerA sentence's grammatical structure and the conventional meanings assigned to the words used Conversational implicature - answerinformation that is understood through inference but is not actually said in a conversation implied meaning - answerThis is a suggested, but not stated meaning reportive definition - answerA dictionary-type definition that attempts to capture how a word is normally used stipulative definition - answerassigns a new meaning to a term precising definition - answerseeks to make more precise what was previously vague or fuzzy persuasive definition - answerA definition that aims at persuading the listener one way or another toward the term being defined. factual dispute - answeroccurs when people disagree on a matter that involves facts verbal dispute - answerwhen a vague or ambiguous term results in a linguistic misunderstanding necessary condition - answera condition without which another event cannot occur sufficient condition - answera condition that will certainly bring about another event antecedent - answerThe word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun. consequent - answerthe outcome of the hypothetical condition obscure - answerdifficult to see, vague lexical ambiguity - answerA situation in which a word has two or more meanings. Example: pen-writing instrument pen- a place where pigs live referentially ambiguous - answerA sentence in which a single word does not explicitly refer Ex: Person A and Person B got into the car and they turned on the air conditioning". It's not clear which person turned on the AC. syntactically ambiguous - answersentence's grammatical structure is unclear, words have multiple but determinate meanings Ex: "Politicians are frightening people" Vagueness - answerindefiniteness, uncertainty. Meanings are indeterminate Ex: "Dinner will be done in a while." incompletely expressed idea - answerSelf-explanatory. Ex: "Will this test be like the last one?" Instead of, "How will this test be similar to the last one? Are we talking length, difficulty, or content?" distortions of meaning - answercan result in an erroneously positive or negative disposition reification - answerviewing an abstract, immaterial concept as if it were a concrete thing category mistake - answerAttributing a property to something that could not possibly have that property. Ex: Comparing apples and oranges and placing apples in the "citrus" category. premises - answerThe reasons presented to persuade someone that a conclusion is true or probably true. conclusion - answera judgement based on the information obtained valid argument - answera deductive argument that does in fact provide logically conclusive support for its conclusion invalid argument - answera deductive argument that does not offer logically conclusive support for the conclusion contradiction - answera statement that is the opposite of another statement sound argument - answera valid argum