PCU Exam Questions and Answers 100% Verified and Updated

PCU Exam Questions and Answers 100% Verified and Updated what are normal ABG values? - Answer-pH: acidic 7.35-7.45 basic CO2: basic 35-45 acidic HCO3-: acidic 22-26 basic normal paO2 - Answer-80-100 mmHg what pH levels are lethal? - Answer-outside 6.8-7.8 where are ABGs drawn from? what test is done to ensure adequate blood flow? - Answer-peripheral artery; allen's test for radial artery How do the kidneys help maintain acid-base balance? - Answer-retain/excrete basic HCO3 and retain/excrete acidic H+ treatments for respiratory acidosis - Answer--oxygen -intubation -bronchodilators -drug reversal agents -incentive spirometer -suction treatments for respiratory alkalosis - Answer--breathing into paper bag -anxiolytics -analgesics -reduce fever -reduce ventilation -return to normal altitude treatments for metabolic acidosis - Answer--IV sodium bicarbonate -manage blood sugar -antibiotics -reversal for OD -anti-diarrheal agents -dialysis -encourage respirations/ventilate treatments for metabolic alkalosis - Answer--antiemetics -stop suctioning -d/c drugs causing acid loss (diuretics, antacids) -hydrochloric acid (rare) what is systolic vs diastolic heart failure? - Answer-systolic: type of L sided HF with reduced EF of < 40%; impaired contraction diastolic: type of L sided HF with preserved EF > 50%; impaired relaxation what 3 things occur in systolic HF? - Answer-1. SNS activation (increased HR, contractility, peripheral vasoconstriction) 2. RAAS activation (sodium + water retention, peripheral vasoconstriction) 3. LV dilation what are symptoms of right sided heart failure? - Answer-swelling: swelling, weight gain, edema, large neck vein (JVD), lethargy, irregular HR, nocturia, girth, hepatic tenderness, anorexia, ascitis what are treatments for right sided heart failure? - Answer--sodium and fluid restriction to manage preload -moderate doses of diuretics -ACE, ARBs, beta blockers if due to L ventricular failure what are symptoms of left sided heart failure? - Answer-drowning: dyspnea, rales/crackles, orthopnea, weakness, nocturnal dyspnea, increased HR, nagging cough, gaining weight, hypotension what are symptoms of systolic heart failure? - Answer-s3, edema, weight gain, crackles, dyspnea, chest tightness, oliguria, JVD, weak pulses, cool pale skin, altered mental status diagnostic tests for heart failure - Answer--ECG -xray -ECHO -BNP (normal < 100 75 & under, < 450 75+) -cardiac biomarkers what are treatments for systolic HF? - Answer--ARNIs, ACE-Is, ARBs -beta blockers -aldosterone antagonists