PSU PSYCH 260 Exam 1
Dorsal - ANSTowards the back. Top when talking about head.
Rostral - ANSTowards the head. Front when talking about head.
Caudal - ANSTowards the tail. Towards the back when talking about head.
Ventral - ANSTowards Belly. Bottom when talking about head.
Anterior - ANSIn front of
Posterior - ANSIn back of
Inferior - ANSBelow
Superior - ANSAbove
Ipsilateral - ANSSame side of the midline
Contralateral - ANSOpposite sides of the midline
Medial - ANSTowards the midline
Lateral - ANSAway from the midline (sides)
Proximal - ANSCloser to the body
Distal - ANSFarther away from the body
Coronal (frontal) plane - ANSDivides the nervous front to back
Sagittal plane - ANSDivides the body in left and right half
Horizontal (axial, transverse) plane - ANSDivides the brain or body into top and bottom
Meninges - ANSMembranes the cover the CNS. Three Layers: Dura Mater, Arachnoid
(Sub-Arachnoid space), Pia Mater. CSF flows through subarachnoid space
Cerebrospinal Fluid - ANSPlasma-like fluid secreted in ventricles of the brain (choroid plexus).
, Brain Blood Supply - ANSBrain receives blood through the carotid and vertebral arteries. Brain
uses about 15-20% of blood and glucose. Cut off of blood leads to brain damage and eventual
death.
White Matter - ANSDense, made of cell axons (nerve fibers).
Gray Matter - ANSLess dense, made of cell bodies
Spinal Nerves Organization - ANSCervical (8): head, neck, and arms. Thoracic (12): torso.
Lumbar (5): lower back and legs. Sacral (5): back of legs, genitals. Coccygeal (1): hind parts of
skin.
Withdrawal Reflex - ANSBody will move and react in quickly in a jerky motion in order to protect
itself.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) - ANSAll nerves that leave from the brain and spinal chord
and extend to and from all parts of the body.
Nuclei - ANSCollection of cell bodies that share a common function.
Hindbrain - ANSConsists of Medulla, Cerebellum, and Pons.
Medulla - ANSFirst spot where brain and spinal chord make contact. Controls breathing, heart
rate, blood pressure.
Pons - ANSHelps with balance and is associated with motion sickness.
Cochlear - ANSSound
Vestibular Nuclei - ANSBalance, motion sickness.
Raphe Nuclei and Locus Coeruleus - ANSMood, arousal, and sleep.
Cerebellum - ANS"Little brain". Controls voluntary movments, muscle tone, balance, speech,
executive functions, and emotion processing. Damage (alcohol, autism) results in low skill
movements.
Midbrain - ANSConsisted of tectum, tegmentum, and cerebral aqueduct.
Substantia Nigra - ANSMotor output pathway. Parkinson's disease: causes tremors, involuntary
movements.
Superior Colliculi - ANSVisual, nerves from eyes
Dorsal - ANSTowards the back. Top when talking about head.
Rostral - ANSTowards the head. Front when talking about head.
Caudal - ANSTowards the tail. Towards the back when talking about head.
Ventral - ANSTowards Belly. Bottom when talking about head.
Anterior - ANSIn front of
Posterior - ANSIn back of
Inferior - ANSBelow
Superior - ANSAbove
Ipsilateral - ANSSame side of the midline
Contralateral - ANSOpposite sides of the midline
Medial - ANSTowards the midline
Lateral - ANSAway from the midline (sides)
Proximal - ANSCloser to the body
Distal - ANSFarther away from the body
Coronal (frontal) plane - ANSDivides the nervous front to back
Sagittal plane - ANSDivides the body in left and right half
Horizontal (axial, transverse) plane - ANSDivides the brain or body into top and bottom
Meninges - ANSMembranes the cover the CNS. Three Layers: Dura Mater, Arachnoid
(Sub-Arachnoid space), Pia Mater. CSF flows through subarachnoid space
Cerebrospinal Fluid - ANSPlasma-like fluid secreted in ventricles of the brain (choroid plexus).
, Brain Blood Supply - ANSBrain receives blood through the carotid and vertebral arteries. Brain
uses about 15-20% of blood and glucose. Cut off of blood leads to brain damage and eventual
death.
White Matter - ANSDense, made of cell axons (nerve fibers).
Gray Matter - ANSLess dense, made of cell bodies
Spinal Nerves Organization - ANSCervical (8): head, neck, and arms. Thoracic (12): torso.
Lumbar (5): lower back and legs. Sacral (5): back of legs, genitals. Coccygeal (1): hind parts of
skin.
Withdrawal Reflex - ANSBody will move and react in quickly in a jerky motion in order to protect
itself.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) - ANSAll nerves that leave from the brain and spinal chord
and extend to and from all parts of the body.
Nuclei - ANSCollection of cell bodies that share a common function.
Hindbrain - ANSConsists of Medulla, Cerebellum, and Pons.
Medulla - ANSFirst spot where brain and spinal chord make contact. Controls breathing, heart
rate, blood pressure.
Pons - ANSHelps with balance and is associated with motion sickness.
Cochlear - ANSSound
Vestibular Nuclei - ANSBalance, motion sickness.
Raphe Nuclei and Locus Coeruleus - ANSMood, arousal, and sleep.
Cerebellum - ANS"Little brain". Controls voluntary movments, muscle tone, balance, speech,
executive functions, and emotion processing. Damage (alcohol, autism) results in low skill
movements.
Midbrain - ANSConsisted of tectum, tegmentum, and cerebral aqueduct.
Substantia Nigra - ANSMotor output pathway. Parkinson's disease: causes tremors, involuntary
movements.
Superior Colliculi - ANSVisual, nerves from eyes
