Solutions Manual for Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Libby-stamped

Solutions Manual for Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Libby Chapter 01 - Financial Statements and Business Decisions Chapter 1 Financial Statements and Business Decisions ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS 1. Accounting is a system that collects and processes (analyzes, measures, and records) financial information about an organization and reports that information to decision makers. 2. Financial accounting involves preparation of the four basic financial statements and related disclosures for external decision makers. Managerial accounting involves the preparation of detailed plans, budgets, forecasts, and performance reports for internal decision makers. 3. Financial reports are used by both internal and external groups and individuals. The internal groups are comprised of the various managers of the entity. The external groups include the owners, investors, creditors, governmental agencies, other interested parties, and the public at large. 4. Investors purchase all or part of a business and hope to gain by receiving part of what the company earns and/or selling the company in the future at a higher price than they paid. Creditors lend money to a company for a specific length of time and hope to gain by charging interest on the loan. 5. In a society each organization can be defined as a separate accounting entity. An accounting entity is the organization for which financial data are to be collected. Typical accounting entities are a business, a church, a governmental unit, a university and other nonprofit organizations such as a hospital and a welfare organization. A business typically is defined and treated as a separate entity because the owners, creditors, investors, and other interested parties need to evaluate its performance and its potential separately from other entities and from its owners. 6. Name of Statement Alternative Title (a) Income Statement (a) Statement of Earnings; Statement of Income; Statement of Operations (b) Balance Sheet (b) Statement of Financial Position (c) Audit Report (c) Report of Independent Accountants Financial Accounting, 8/e 1-1 © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Global Education Holdings, LLC. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 7. The heading of each of the four required financial statements should include the following: (a) Name of the entity (b) Name of the statement (c) Date of the statement, or the period of time (d) Unit of measure 8. (a) The purpose of the income statement is to present information about the revenues, expenses, and the net income of the entity for a specified period of time. (b) The purpose of the balance sheet is to report the financial position of an entity at a given date, that is, to report information about the assets, obligations and stockholders’ equity of the entity as of a specific date. (c) The purpose of the statement of cash flows is to present information about the flow of cash into the entity (sources), the flow of cash out of the entity (uses), and the net increase or decrease in cash during the period. (d) The statement of stockholders’ equity reports the changes in each of the company’s stockholders’ equity accounts during the accounting period including issue and repurchase of stock and the way that net income and distribution of dividends affected the retained earnings of the company during that period. 9. The income statement and the statement of cash flows are dated ―For the Year Ended December 31, 2013,‖ because they report the inflows and outflows of resources during a period of time. In contrast, the balance sheet is dated ―At December 31, 2013,‖ because it represents the resources, obligations and stockholders’ equity at a specific date. 10. Assets are important to creditors and investors because assets provide a basis for judging whether sufficient resources are available to operate the company. Assets are also important because they could be sold for cash in the event the company goes out of business. Liabilities are important to creditors and investors because the company must be able to generate sufficient cash from operations or further borrowing to meet the payments required by debt agreements. If a business does not pay its creditors, the law may give the creditors the right to force the sale of assets sufficient to meet their claims. 11. Net income is the excess of total revenues over total expenses. Net loss is the excess of total expenses over total revenues. 12. The equation for the income statement is Revenues - Expenses = Net Income (or Net Loss if the amount is negative). Thus, the three major items reported on the income statement are (1) revenues, (2) expenses, and (3) net income. 1-2 Solutions Manual © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Global Education Holdings, LLC. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 13. The equation for the balance sheet (also known as the basic accounting equation) is: Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity. Assets are the probable (expected) future economic benefits owned by the entity as a result of past transactions. They are the resources owned by the business at a given point in time such as cash, receivables, inventory, machinery, buildings, land, and patents. Liabilities are probable (expected) debts or obligations of the entity as a result of past transactions which will be paid with assets or services in the future. They are the obligations of the entity such as accounts payable, notes payable, and bonds payable. Stockholders’ equity is financing provided by owners of the business and operations. It is the claim of the owners to the assets of the business after the creditor claims have been satisfied. It may be thought of as the residual interest because it represents assets minus liabilities. 14. The equation for the statement of cash flows is: Cash flows from operating activities + Cash flows from investing activities + Cash flows from financing activities = Change in cash for the period. The net cash flows for the period represent the increase or decrease in cash that occurred during the period. Cash flows from operating activities are cash flows directly related to earning income (normal business activity including interest paid and income taxes paid). Cash flows from investing activities include cash flows that are related to the acquisition or sale of productive assets used by the company. Cash flows from financing activities are directly related to the financing of the enterprise itself. 15. The retained earnings equation is: Beginning Retained Earnings + Net Income - Dividends = Ending Retained Earnings. It begins with beginning-of-the-year Retained Earnings which is the prior year’s ending retained earnings reported on the balance sheet. The current year's Net Income reported on the income statement is added and the current year's Dividends are subtracted from this amount. The ending Retained Earnings amount is reported on the end-of-period balance sheet. 16. Marketing managers and credit managers use customers' financial statements to decide whether to extend them credit for their purchases. Purchasing managers use potential suppliers' financial statements to judge whether the suppliers have the resources necessary to meet current and future demand. Human resource managers use financial statements as a basis for contract negotiations, to determine what pay rates the company can afford. The net income figure even serves as a basis to pay bonuses not only to management, but to other employees through profit sharing plans. 17. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) is the U.S. government agency which determines the financial statements that public companies must provide to stockholders and the measurement rules used in producing those statements. The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) is the private sector body given the primary responsibility to work out the detailed rules which become generally accepted accounting principles. Financial Accounting, 8/e 1-3 © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Global Education Holdings, LLC. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Downloaded by: Nurstuvia | Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? 18. Management is responsible for preparing the financial statements and other information contained in the annual report and for the maintenance of a system of internal accounting policies, procedures and controls. These measures are intended to provide reasonable assurance, at appropriate cost, that transactions are processed in accordance with company authorization as well as properly recorded and reported in the financial statements, and that assets are adequately safeguarded. Independent auditors examine the financial reports (prepared by management) and the underlying records to assure that the reports represent what they claim and conform with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). 19. A sole proprietorship is an unincorporated business owned by one individual. A partnership is an unincorporated association of two or more individuals to carry on a business. A corporation is a business that is organized under the laws of a particular state whereby a charter is granted and the entity is authorized to issue shares of stock as evidence of ownership by the owners (i.e., stockholders). 20. A CPA firm normally renders three services: auditing, management advisory services, and tax services. Auditing involves examination of the records and financial reports to determine whether they ―fairly present‖ the financial position and results of operations of the entity. Management advisory services involve management advice to the individual business enterprises and other entities. It is like a consulting firm. Tax services involve providing tax planning advice to clients (both individuals and businesses) and preparation of their tax returns. ANSWERS TO MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. b) 2. d) 3. d) 4. c) 5. a) 6. d) 7. a) 8. a) 9. c) 10. b) 1-4 Solutions Manual © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Global Education Holdings, LLC. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Downloaded by: Nurstuvia | Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Authors' Recommended Solution Time (Time in minutes) Mini-exercises Exercises Problems Alternate Problems Cases and Projects No. Time No. Time No. Time No. Time No. Time 1 5 1 12 1 2 5 2 12 2 3 5 3 12 3 4 20 4 45 4 60 5 25 5 30 6 20 6 20 7 15 7 * 8 25 9 25 Continuing Case 10 25 1 45 11 30 12 15 13 12 * Due to the nature of these cases and projects, it is very difficult to estimate the amount of time students will need to complete the assignment. As with any open-ended project, it is possible for students to devote a large amount of time to these assignments. While students often benefit from the extra effort, we find that some become frustrated by the perceived difficulty of the task. You can reduce student frustration and anxiety by making your expectations clear. For example, when our goal is to sharpen research skills, we devote class time discussing research strategies. When we want the students to focus on a real accounting issue, we offer suggestions about possible companies or industries. Financial Accounting, 8/e 1-5 © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Global Education Holdings, LLC. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Downloaded by: Nurstuvia | Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? MINI-EXERCISES M1–1. Element Financial Statement B (1) Expenses A. Balance sheet D (2) Cash flow from investing activities B. Income statement A (3) Assets C. Statement of stockholders’ equity C* (4) Dividends D. Statement of cash flows B (5) Revenues D (6) Cash flow from operating activities A (7) Liabilities D (8) Cash flow from financing activities *Dividends paid in cash are also subtracted in the Financing section of the Statement of Cash Flows M1–2. SE (1) Retained earnings A (2) Accounts receivable R (3) Sales revenue A (4) Property, plant, and equipment E (5) Cost of goods sold expense A (6) Inventories E (7) Interest expense L (8) Accounts payable A (9) Land M1–3. Abbreviation Full Designation (1) CPA Certified Public Accountant (2) GAAP Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (3) SEC Securities and Exchange Commission (4) FASB Financial Accounting Standards Board 1-6 Solutions Manual © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Global Education Holdings, LLC. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Downloaded by: Nurstuvia | Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? EXERCISES E1–1. Term or Abbreviation Definition J (1) F (2) H (3) E (4) A (5) D (6) I (7) L (8) C (9) K (10) G (11) B (12) M (13) SEC Audit Sole proprietorship Corporation Accounting Accounting entity Audit report Publicly traded Partnership FASB CPA Unit of measure GAAP A. A system that collects and processes financial information about an organization and reports that information to decision makers. B. Measurement of information about an entity in terms of the dollar or other national monetary unit. C. An unincorporated business owned by two or more persons. D. The organization for which financial data are to be collected (separate and distinct from its owners). E. An incorporated entity that issues shares of stock as evidence of ownership. F. An examination of the financial reports to ensure that they represent what they claim and conform with generally accepted accounting principles. G. Certified Public Accountant. H. An unincorporated business owned by one person. I. A report that describes the auditor’s opinion of the fairness of the financial statement presentations and the evidence gathered to support that opinion. J. Securities and Exchange Commission. K. Financial Accounting Standards Board. L. A company with stock that can be bought and sold by investors on established stock exchanges. M. Generally accepted accounting principles. Financial Accounting, 8/e 1-7 © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Global Education Holdings, LLC. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Stuvia.F co i m nd - Tm he o M r a e rke a tp t law cew tow B . u d y o aw nd n S l e o ll a yo d u s r l S id tu e dy .c M o atm erial Chapter 01 - Financial Statements and Business Decisions E1–2. Downloaded by: Nurstuvia | Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? A (1) Accounts receivable A (2) Cash and cash equivalents R (3) Net sales L (4) Notes payable L (5) Taxes payable SE (6) Retained earnings E (7) Cost of products sold E (8) Marketing, administrative, and other operating expenses E (9) Income taxes L (10) Accounts payable A (11) Land A (12) Property, plant, and equipment L (13) Long-term debt A (14) Inventories E (15) Interest expense E1–3. L (1) Notes payable to banks A (10) Machinery and equipment E (2) General and administrative R (11) Net sales L (3) Accounts payable A (12) Inventories L (4) Dividends payable E (13) Marketing, selling, and advertising SE (5) Retained earnings A (14) Buildings A (6) Cash and cash equivalents A (15) Land A (7) Accounts receivable L (16) Income taxes payable E (8) Provision for income taxes* E (17) Distribution and warehousing costs E (9) Cost of goods sold A (18) Investments (in other companies) *Note that ―Provision for income taxes‖ is a common synonym for ―Income tax expense.‖ 1-8 Solutions Manual © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Global Education Holdings, LLC. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Stuvia.F co i m nd - Tm he o M r a e rke a tp t law cew tow B . u d y o aw nd n S l e o ll a yo d u s r l S id tu e dy .c M o atm erial Chapter 01 - Financial Statements and Business Decisions E1–4. Downloaded by: Nurstuvia | Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Honda Motor Corporation Balance Sheet as of March 31, 2011 (in billions of Yen) Assets Cash and cash equivalents ¥1,279 Trade accounts, notes, and other receivables 788 Inventories 900 Investments 640 Net property, plant and equipment 1,939 Other assets 6,025 Total assets ¥11,571 Liabilities Accounts payable and other current liabilities ¥ 3,568 Long-term debt 2,043 Other liabilities 1,377 Total liabilities Stockholders’ Equity 6,988 Common stock 259 Retained earnings 4,324 Total stockholders’ equity 4,583 Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity ¥11,571 Financial Accounting, 8/e 1-9 © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Global Education Holdings, LLC. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Stuvia.F co i m nd - Tm he o M r a e rke a tp t law cew tow B . u d y o aw nd n S l e o ll a yo d u s r l S id tu e dy .c M o atm erial Chapter 01 - Financial Statements and Business Decisions E1–5. Downloaded by: Nurstuvia | Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Req. 1 NEW WORLD BOOK STORE Balance Sheet At December 31, 2014 ASSETS LIABILITIES Cash $75,600 Accounts payable $12,000 Accounts receivable 39,000 Note payable 3,000 Store and office equipment 73,000 Interest payable 300 Total liabilities 15,300 STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY Common stock 160,000 Retained earnings 12,300 Total stockholders’ equity 172,300 Total assets $187,600 Total liabilities and stockholders' equity $187,600 Req. 2 Net income for the year was $12,300. This is the first year of operations and no dividends were declared or paid to stockholders; therefore, the ending retained earnings of $12,300 includes net income for one year. E1–6. CAMPUS CONNECTION Income Statement For the Month of January 2014 Revenues: Sales: Cash $150,000 On credit 2,500 Total sales revenue $152,500 Expenses: Cost of goods sold 70,000 Salaries, rent, supplies, and other expenses (paid in cash) 37,000 Utilities 900 Total expenses 107,900 Net Income $44,600 1-10 Solutions Manual © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Global Education Holdings, LLC. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Stuvia.F co i m nd - Tm he o M r a e rke a tp t law cew tow B . u d y o aw nd n S l e o ll a yo d u s r l S id tu e dy .c M o atm erial Chapter 01 - Financial Statements and Business Decisions E1–7. Downloaded by: Nurstuvia | Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? WALGREEN CO. Income Statement For the Year ended August 31, 2011 (in millions) Revenues: Net sales $72,184 Other Income 434 Total revenues/ income $72,618 Expenses: Cost of sales Selling, general and administration expense 51,692 16,561 Interest Expense 71 Total expenses 68,324 Pretax income 4,294 Income tax expense 1,580 Net earnings $2,714 *Note that ―Provision for income taxes‖ is a common synonym for ―Income tax expense.‖ E1–8. NEIGHBORHOOD REALTY, INCORPORATED Income Statement For the Year Ended December 31, 2015 Revenues: Commissions earned ($150,900+$16,800) $167,700 Rental service fees 20,000 Total revenues $187,700 Expenses: Salaries expense 62,740 Commission expense 35,330 Payroll tax expense 2,500 Rent expense ($2,475+$225)* 2,700 Utilities expense 1,600 Promotion and advertising expense 7,750 Miscellaneous expenses 500 Total expenses (excluding income taxes) 113,120 Pretax income 74,580 Income tax expense 24,400 Net Income $50,180 *$2,475 has been paid for 11 months ($225 per month) plus $225 owed for December. Financial Accounting, 8/e 1-11 © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Global Education Holdings, LLC. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Stuvia.F co i m nd - Tm he o M r a e rke a tp t law cew tow B . u d y o aw nd n S l e o ll a yo d u s r l S id tu e dy .c M o atm erial Chapter 01 - Financial Statements and Business Decisions E1–9. Downloaded by: Nurstuvia | Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Net Income (or Loss) = Revenues - Expenses Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity A Net Income = $93,500 - $76,940 = $16,560; Stockholders’ Equity = $140,200 - $66,500 = $73,700. B Total Revenues = $75,834 + $14,740 = $90,574; Total Liabilities = $107,880 - $77,500 = $30,380. C Net Loss = $68,120 - $76,430 = ($8,310); Stockholders’ Equity = $98,200 - $69,850 = $28,350. D Total Expenses = $55,804 - $21,770 = $34,034; Total Assets = $20,300 + $78,680 = $98,980. E Net Income = $84,840 - $75,320 = $9,520; Total Assets = $25,520 + $80,000 = $105,520. E1–10. Net Income (or Loss) = Revenues - Expenses Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity A Net Income = $242,300 - $196,700 = $45,600; Stockholders’ Equity = $253,500 - $75,000 = $178,500. B Total Revenues = $176,500 + $29,920 = $206,420; Total Liabilities = $590,000 - $350,600 = $239,400. C Net Loss = $73,500 - $91,890 = ($18,390); Stockholders’ Equity = $260,400 - $190,760 = $69,640. D Total Expenses = $35,840 - $9,840 = $26,000; Total Assets = $190,430 + $97,525 = $287,955. E Net Income = $224,130 - $209,500= $14,630; Total Assets = $173,850 + $360,100 = $533,950. 1-12 Solutions Manual © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Global Education Holdings, LLC. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Stuvia.F co i m nd - Tm he o M r a e rke a tp t law cew tow B . u d y o aw nd n S l e o ll a yo d u s r l S id tu e dy .c M o atm erial Chapter 01 - Financial Statements and Business Decisions E1–11. Downloaded by: Nurstuvia | Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? PAINTER CORPORATION Income Statement For the Month of January 2013 Total revenues $305,000 Less: Total expenses (excluding income tax) 189,000 Pretax income 116,000 Less: Income tax expense 35,000 Net income $ 81,000 PAINTER CORPORATION Balance Sheet At January 31, 2013 Assets Cash $ 65,150 Receivables from customers 44,700 Merchandise inventory 94,500 Total assets $204,350 Liabilities Payables to suppliers $25,950 Income taxes payable 35,000 Total liabilities 60,950 Stockholders' Equity Common stock (2,600 shares) 62,400 Retained earnings (from income statement above) 81,000 Total stockholders’ equity 143,400 Total liabilities and stockholders' equity $204,350 Financial Accounting, 8/e 1-13 © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Global Education Holdings, LLC. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Stuvia.F co i m nd - Tm he o M r a e rke a tp t law cew tow B . u d y o aw nd n S l e o ll a yo d u s r l S id tu e dy .c M o atm erial Chapter 01 - Financial Statements and Business Decisions Downloaded by: Nurstuvia | Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? E1–12. CLINT’S STONEWORK CORPORATION Statement of Stockholders’ Equity For the Year Ended December 31, 2014 Common Stock Retained Earnings Balance December 31, 2013* $100,000 $16,800 Net income 42,000 Dividends (18,700) Balance December 31, 2014 $100,000 $40,100 * Beginning retained earnings + Net income – Dividends = Ending retained earnings For 2013: $0 + 31,000 – 14,200 = $16,800; Ending retained earnings for 2013 becomes beginning retained earnings for 2014. E1–13. (I) (1) Purchases of property, plant, and equipment O (2) Cash received from customers (F) (3) Cash paid for dividends to stockholders (O) (4) Cash paid to suppliers (O) (5) Income taxes paid (O) (6) Cash paid to employees I (7) Cash proceeds received from sale of investment in another company (F) (8) Repayment of borrowings 1-14 Solutions Manual © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Global Education Holdings, LLC. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Stuvia.F co i m nd - Tm he o M r a e rke a tp t law cew tow B . u d y o aw nd n S l e o ll a yo d u s r l S id tu e dy .c M o atm erial Chapter 01 - Financial Statements and Business Decisions Downloaded by: Nurstuvia | Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Financial Accounting, 8/e 1-15 © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Global Education Holdings, LLC. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Stuvia.F co i m nd - Tm he o M r a e rke a tp t law cew tow B . u d y o aw nd n S l e o ll a yo d u s r l S id tu e dy .c M o atm erial Chapter 01 - Financial Statements and Business Decisions Downloaded by: Nurstuvia | Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? PROBLEMS (Note to the instructor: Most students find the Problems in this chapter to be quite challenging.) P1–1. Req. 1 HIGHLIGHT CONSTRUCTION COMPANY Income Statement For the Year Ended December 31, 2014 Total sales revenue (given) $128,400 Total expenses (given) 80,200 Pretax income 48,200 Income tax expense ($48,200 x 30%) 14,460 Net income Req. 2 $ 33,740 HIGHLIGHT CONSTRUCTION COMPANY Statement of Stockholders’ Equity For the Year Ended December 31, 2014 Common Stock Retained Earnings Balance December 31, 2013 $ 0 $ 0 Stock issuance (given) +Net income (from req. 1) 87,000 33,740 –Dividends (given) 10,000 Balance December 31, 2014 $ 87,000 $ 23,740 Req. 3 HIGHLIGHT CONSTRUCTION COMPANY Balance Sheet At December 31, 2014 Assets Cash (given) $25,600 Receivables from customers (given) 10,800 Inventory of merchandise (given) 81,000 Equipment (given) 42,000 Total assets $159,400 Liabilities Accounts payable (given) $46,140 Salary payable (given) 2,520 Total liabilities $ 48,660 Stockholders' Equity Common stock (given) $87,000 Retained earnings (from req. 2) 23,740 Total stockholders' equity 110,740 1-16 Solutions Manual © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Global Education Holdings, LLC. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Stuvia.F co i m nd - Tm he o M r a e rke a tp t law cew tow B . u d y o aw nd n S l e o ll a yo d u s r l S id tu e dy .c M o atm erial Chapter 01 - Financial Statements and Business Decisions Downloaded by: Nurstuvia | Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Total liabilities and stockholders' equity $159,400 Financial Accounting, 8/e 1-17 © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Global Education Holdings, LLC. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Stuvia.F co i m nd - Tm he o M r a e rke a tp t law cew tow B . u d y o aw nd n S l e o ll a yo d u s r l S id tu e dy .c M o atm erial Chapter 01 - Financial Statements and Business Decisions P1–2. Downloaded by: Nurstuvia | Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Req. 1 JAMES COOK LAWN SERVICE Income Statement For the Three Months Ended August 31, 2014 Revenues from services Because the above report reflects only revenues, expenses, and net income, it is reasonable to suppose that James would need the following: (1) A balance sheet–that is, a statement that reports for the business, at the end of August 2014, each asset (name and amount, such as Cash, $XX), each liability (such as Wages Payable, $XX), and stockholders’ equity. (2) A statement of retained earnings that shows how income and dividends (if any) affect retained earnings on the balance sheet. 1-18 Solutions Manual © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Global Education Holdings, LLC. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Lawn service–cash $15,000 –credit 700 Total revenues $15,700 Expenses Gas, oil, and lubrication ($1,050+$180) 1,230 Pickup repairs 250 Repair of mowers 110 Miscellaneous supplies used 80 Helpers (wages) 5,400 Payroll taxes 190 Preparation of payroll tax forms 25 Insurance 125 Telephone 110 Interest expense on note paid 78 Equipment use cost (depreciation) 600 Total expenses 8,198 Net income $ 7,502 Req. 2 Stuvia.F co i m nd - Tm he o M r a e rke a tp t law cew tow B . u d y o aw nd n S l e o ll a yo d u s r l S id tu e dy .c M o atm erial Chapter 01 - Financial Statements and Business Decisions P1–3. Downloaded by: Nurstuvia | Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Req. 1 Req. 2–Explanation Transaction (a) Income +$66,000 Cash +$55,000 All services performed increase income; cash received during the period was, $66,000 – 11,000 = $55,000. (b) –0– +56,000 Cash borrowed is not income. (c) –0– –12,500 Purchase of the truck does not represent an expense until it is used (it is an asset); cash outflow was $12,500. (d) –25,000 –12,500 All of the wages incurred reduce income, $25,000; cash paid during the quarter was, $25,000 x 1/2 = $12,500. The $12,500 owed will be paid on the next payroll date. (e) –2,900 –3,800 Not all of the supplies were used; expense is the amount used, $3,800 – 900 = $2,900. Cash paid during the quarter was $3,800. (f) –38,000 –31,500 All expenses incurred reduce income; cash expended was, $38,000 – 6,500 = $31,500. Based only on the above: Income (loss) $100 Cash inflow (outflow) $ 50,700 Financial Accounting, 8/e 1-19 © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Global Education Holdings, LLC. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Stuvia.F co i m nd - Tm he o M r a e rke a tp t law cew tow B . u d y o aw nd n S l e o ll a yo d u s r l S id tu e dy .c M o atm erial Chapter 01 - Financial Statements and Business Decisions Downloaded by: Nurstuvia | Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? P1–4. Req. 1 The personal residences of the organizers are not resources of the business entity. Therefore, they should be excluded. Req. 2 It is not indicated whether the $57,000 listed for service trucks and equipment is their cost when acquired or the current market value on December 31, 2014. Req. 3 The list of company resources (i.e., assets) suggests the following areas of concern: Company resources: (1) Cash, inventories, and bills due from customers (i.e., accounts receivable)–these items tend to fluctuate; they may be significantly more or less at date of the loan and during the term of the loan. (2) Service trucks and equipment–as noted above, it is not indicated whether the $57,000 is cost when acquired or current market value on December 31, 2014. (3) Personal residences–as noted above, these items are not resources of the business entity and should be excluded. Company obligations: (4) Unpaid wages of $19,000, which are now due, pose a serious problem because only $12,000 cash currently is available. (5) Unpaid taxes and accounts payable to suppliers–it is not clear when these payments of $8,000 and $10,000, respectively, are due (cash needed to pay them is a problem). (6) The $45,000 owed on the service trucks probably is long term; however, shortterm installments may be required–these details are very important to the bank. (7) Loan from organizer–the expected payment date and interest rate are important issues for which details are not provided. This is a major cash demand. In general, the bank should request more details about the specific resources and debts. The personal residences are not a part of the resources of the business entity. The bank should request that the owners provide audited information about the entity's assets and debts. 1-20 Solutions Manual © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Global Education Holdings, LLC. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Stuvia.F co i m nd - Tm he o M r a e rke a tp t law cew tow B . u d y o aw nd n S l e o ll a yo d u s r l S id tu e dy .c M o atm erial Chapter 01 - Financial Statements and Business Decisions Downloaded by: Nurstuvia | Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? P1–4. (continued) Req. 4 The amount of stockholders’ equity (i.e., assets minus liabilities) for Northwest Company, assuming the amounts provided by the owners are acceptable, would be: Assets ($311,000–$190,000) $121,000 Liabilities 92,000 Stockholders’ equity $29,000 Financial Accounting, 8/e 1-21 © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Global Education Holdings, LLC. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Stuvia.F co i m nd - Tm he o M r a e rke a tp t law cew tow B . u d y o aw nd n S l e o ll a yo d u s r l S id tu e dy .c M o atm erial Chapter 01 - Financial Statements and Business Decisions Downloaded by: Nurstuvia | Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? ALTERNATE PROBLEMS AP1–1. Req. 1 INFLUENCE CORPORATION Income Statement For the Year Ended June 30, 2014 Total sales revenue (given) $100,000 Total expenses (given) 68,500 Pretax income 31,500 Income tax expense ($31,500 x 30%) 9,450 Net income Req. 2 $22,050 INFLUENCE CORPORATION Statement of Stockholders’ Equity For the Year Ended June 30, 2014 Common Stock Retained Earnings Balance, July 1, 2013 $ 0 $ 0 Common stock issuance (given) +Net income (from req. 1) 62,000 22,050 –Dividends (given) 0 Balance, June 30, 2014 $ 62,000 $ 22,050 Req. 3 INFLUENCE CORPORATION Balance Sheet At June 30, 2014 Assets Cash (given) $13,150 Receivables from customers (given) 10,900 Inventory of merchandise (given) 27,000 Equipment (given) 66,000 Total assets $117,050 Liabilities Accounts payable (given) $31,500 Salary payable (given) 1,500 Total liabilities $ 33,000 Stockholders' Equity Common stock (given) $62,000 Retained earnings (from req. 2) 22,050 Total stockholders' equity 84,050 Total liabilities and stockholders' equity $117,050 1-22 Solutions Manual © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Global Education Holdings, LLC. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Stuvia.F co i m nd - Tm he o M r a e rke a tp t law cew tow B . u d y o aw nd n S l e o ll a yo d u s r l S id tu e dy .c M o atm erial Chapter 01 - Financial Statements and Business Decisions Downloaded by: Nurstuvia | Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? AP1–2. Req. 1 LIST ELECTRIC REPAIR COMPANY, INC. Income Statement For the Three Months Ended December 31, 2014 Revenues from services: Electric repair services–cash $32,000 –credit 3,500 Total revenues $35,500 Expenses: Electrician's assistant (wages) 7,500 Payroll taxes 175 Supplies used on jobs 9,500 Oil, gas, and maintenance on truck 1,200 Insurance 700 Rent ($500+$250) 750 Utilities and telephone 825 Miscellaneous expenses 600 Depreciation of truck and tools (use) 1,200 Total expenses 22,450 Pretax Income 13,050 Income taxes 3,930 Net Income $ 9,120 Req. 2 Because the above report reflects only revenues, expenses, and net income, it is reasonable to suppose that Sam would have need for the following: (1) A statement that reports for the business, at the end of 2014, each asset (name and amount such as Cash, $XX), and each liability (such as Income taxes payable, $XX), and stockholders' equity; that is, a balance sheet. (2) A statement of the sources and uses of cash during the period; that is, a statement of cash flows. (3) A statement of stockholders’ equity that shows the change in common stock and how net income and dividends affect retained earnings on the balance sheet. Financial Accounting, 8/e 1-23 © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Global Education Holdings, LLC. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Stuvia.F co i m nd - Tm he o M r a e rke a tp t law cew tow B . u d y o aw nd n S l e o ll a yo d u s r l S id tu e dy .c M o atm erial Chapter 01 - Financial Statements and Business Decisions Downloaded by: Nurstuvia | Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? AP1–3. Transaction Req. 1 Income Cash Req. 2–Explanation (a) +$85,000 +$70,000 All services performed increase income; cash received during the period was, $85,000 – 15,000 = $70,000. (b) –0– +25,000 Cash borrowed is not income. (c) –0– –8,000 Purchase of the truck does not represent an expense until it is used (it is an asset); cash outflow was $8,000. (d) –36,000 –30,000 All of the wages incurred reduce income, $36,000; cash paid during the quarter was, $36,000 x 5/6 = $30,000. The $6,000 owed will be paid on the next payroll date. (e) –3,000 –4,000 Not all of the supplies were used; expense is the amount used, $4,000 – 1,000 = $3,000. Cash paid during the quarter was $4,000. (f) –31,000 –15,500 All expenses incurred reduce income; cash expended was, $31,000 – 15,500 = $15,500. Based only on the above: Income (loss) $15,000 Cash inflow (outflow) $ 37,500 1-24 Solutions Manual © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Global Education Holdings, LLC. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Stuvia.F co i m nd - Tm he o M r a e rke a tp t law cew tow B . u d y o aw nd n S l e o ll a yo d u s r l S id tu e dy .c M o atm erial Chapter 01 - Financial Statements and Business Decisions Downloaded by: Nurstuvia | Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? CASES AND PROJECTS ANNUAL REPORT CASES CP1–1. 1. It sells its own brand of high quality, on-trend clothing, accessories, and personal care products targeting 15 to 25 year-old customers. 2. The company’s most recent fiscal year ended on January 28, 2012. 3. a. Balance Sheets–2 years b. Income Statements–3 years c. Cash Flow Statements–3 years 4. Yes, it is audited by independent CPAs, as indicated by the ‖Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm‖ on page 69 of the annual report. 5. Its total assets increased from $1,879,998,000 to $1,950,802,000. The instructor should note that the reported numbers are in thousands. 6. As of January 28, 2012, the company had $378,426,000 in inventory. 7. Assets = Liabilities* + Stockholders’ Equity $1,950,802,000 = $533,951,000 + $1,416,851,000 *Liabilities are determined by either adding current ($405,401,000) and long term liabilities ($128,550,000) or by solving the accounting equation: Assets ($1,950,802,000) = Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity ($1,416,851,000) Financial Accounting, 8/e 1-25 © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Global Education Holdings, LLC. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Stuvia.F co i m nd - Tm he o M r a e rke a tp t law cew tow B . u d y o aw nd n S l e o ll a yo d u s r l S id tu e dy .c M o atm erial Chapter 01 - Financial Statements and Business Decisions Downloaded by: Nurstuvia | Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? CP1–2. 1. Net income was $185,251 thousand or $185,251,000 for the year ended January 31, 2012. This is disclosed on the income statement. The instructor should note that the reported numbers are in thousands. Some students will erroneously report income as $185,251. Students should also be warned that different companies often use different terminology—some companies may use the term ―net earnings‖ to describe net income. 2. Net sales were $2,473,801,000. This is also disclosed on the income statement. 3. Inventory is $250,073,000. This is disclosed on the balance sheet. 4. Cash and cash equivalents decreased by $194,984,000 during the year. This amount can be computed from the balance sheet or it can be found on the statement of cash flows. 5. The auditor is Deloitte & Touche LLP. This is found on the auditor’s report (in this case, called the ―report of independent registered public accounting firm‖). CP1–3. 1. American Eagle Outfitters had total assets of $1,950,802,000 at the end of the most recent year, whereas Urban Outfitters had total assets of $1,483,708,000. Clearly American Eagle Outfitters is the larger of the two companies in terms of total assets at the end of the most recent year. 2. Urban Outfitters had net sales of $2,473,801,000 in the most recent year, while American Eagle Outfitters had greater net sales in the amount of $3,159,818,000. Again, American Eagle Outfitters is the larger of the two companies in terms of net sales. 3. In the most recent year, Urban Outfitters had a decrease in total assets of ($1,483,708,000-$1,794,321,000)/($1,794,321,000) = -17.3%, while American Eagle Outfitters had growth in total assets of ($1,950,802,000 - $1,879,998,000)/($1,879,998,000) = 3.8%. Similarly, Urban Outfitters had growth in net sales of ($2,473,801,000 - $2,274,102,000)/($2,274,102,000) = 8.8%, while American Eagle Outfitters had lower growth in net sales of ($3,159,818,000 - $2,967,559,000)/($2,967,559,000) = 6.5%. Urban Outfitters is growing faster in sales, but American Eagle grew in total assets while Urban Outfitters declined. 1-26 Solutions Manual © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Global Education Holdings, LLC. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Stuvia.F co i m nd - Tm he o M r a e rke a tp t law cew tow B . u d y o aw nd n S l e o ll a yo d u s r l S id tu e dy .c M o atm erial Chapter 01 - Financial Statements and Business Decisions Downloaded by: Nurstuvia | Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? FINANCIAL REPORTING AND ANALYSIS CASES CP1–4. Req. 1–Deficiencies: (1) Heading: titles of the reports are missing and dates are not in proper form. (2) Income statement should show revenues and expenses separately. (3) ―Profit earned in 2012‖ should be ―Net income.‖ (4) Balance sheet should separately report assets, liabilities, and stockholders' equity. (5) Retained earnings, $32,250, should be reported under stockholders' equity. (6) Due from customers, $13,000, should be reported under assets. (7) Supplies on hand, $15,000, should be reported under assets. (8) Accumulated depreciation, $12,000, should be subtracted from service vehicles. Financial Accounting, 8/e 1-27 © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Global Education Holdings, LLC. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Stuvia.F co i m nd - Tm he o M r a e rke a tp t law cew tow B . u d y o aw nd n S l e o ll a yo d u s r l S id tu e dy .c M o atm erial Chapter 01 - Financial Statements and Business Decisions Downloaded by: Nurstuvia | Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? CP1–4. (continued) Req. 2–Financial Statements: PERFORMANCE CORPORATION Income Statement For the Year Ended December 31, 2012 Revenues: Sales $180,000 Services 52,000 Total revenues $232,000 Expenses: Cost of goods sold $ 90,000 Selling expenses 25,000 Depreciation expense 12,000 Salaries and wages 62,000 Total expenses (excluding income tax) 189,000 Pretax income 43,000 Income tax expense (25% x $43,000) 10,750 Net income $32,250 PERFORMANCE CORPORATION Balance Sheet At December 31, 2012 Assets Cash $ 32,000 Accounts receivable (from customers) 13,000 Merchandise inventory (for resale) 42,000 Supplies inventory (for use in rendering services) Service vehicles $50,000 Less accumulated depreciation (12,000) 15,000 38,000 Total assets $140,000 Liabilities Accounts payable (to suppliers) $17,750 Note payable (to bank) 25,000 Total liabilities Stockholders' equity Common stock, 6,500 shares $65,000 42,750 Retained earnings Total stockholders' equity 32,250 97,250 Total liabilities and stockholders' equity $140,000 1-28 Solutions Manual © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Global Education Holdings, LLC. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Stuvia.F co i m nd - Tm he o M r a e rke a tp t law cew tow B . u d y o aw nd n S l e o ll a yo d u s r l S id tu e dy .c M o atm erial Chapter 01 - Financial Statements and Business Decisions Downloaded by: Nurstuvia | Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? CRITICAL THINKING CASES CP1–5. Req. 1 You should forcefully assert the need for an independent audit of the financial statements each year because this is the best way to assure credibility– conformance with GAAP, completeness and absence of bias. You should firmly reject ―Uncle Ray‖ as the auditor because there is no evidence about his competence as an accountant or auditor. Also, he is related to the partner who prepares the financial statements; there is a conflict of interest. Req. 2 You should strongly recommend the selection of an independent CPA in public practice because the financial statements should be audited by a competent and independent professional who must follow prescribed accounting and auditing standards on a strictly independent basis. An audit by ―Uncle Ray‖ would not meet any of these requisites, particularly the important one in this case– independence (and absence of bias). Financial Accounting, 8/e 1-29 © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Global Education Holdings, LLC. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Stuvia.F co i m nd - Tm he o M r a e rke a tp t law cew tow B . u d y o aw nd n S l e o ll a yo d u s r l S id tu e dy .c M o atm erial Chapter 01 - Financial Statements and Business Decisions Downloaded by: Nurstuvia | Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? CP1–6. The textbook does not explicitly cover the elements of independence. The case is designed to permit the students to develop their own values. We have found that it is useful to emphasize the difference between independence in fact and in appearance during these discussions. 1. Most students feel that there is no problem with independence if the stock held is immaterial in amount. When asked about a possible headline that might read ―Auditor who was shareholder is accused of fraud,‖ most students see a problem with the appearance. In fact, the AICPA does not apply a materiality threshold where there is a direct financial interest. Any holding of stock is a problem. 2. This is an example of an indirect holding of stock. A materiality threshold is applied in these situations. There could be a question of independence if the auditor held a material interest in the mutual fund (relative to her net worth) and the mutual fund held a material interest in the company that she audited. 3. The AICPA Code of Professional Conduct applies only to audit professionals who are members (though most state laws incorporate similar rules). Bob's employers may want to assign him to a different company but there is no conflict with the Code. 4. Clearly there is an ethics violation in this case because she would audit statements that covered a period of time where she was responsible for the accounting operations of the company. This is a problem both in appearance and in fact. 5. The original Code indicated that a loan from a bank that was made under normal lending procedures, terms, and requirements was not an impairment of independence. This issue is currently under a review that will probably result in a modification of the rule. It is an excellent example of how ethics rules can change over time. The savings and loan debacle with the resulting lawsuits has caused the profession to reconsider the appearance of loans to auditors. FINANCIAL REPORTING AND ANALYSIS PROJECTS CP1–7. The solutions to this case will depend on the company and/or accounting period selected for analysis. 1-30 Solutions Manual © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Global Education Holdings, LLC. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Stuvia.F co i m nd - Tm he o M r a e rke a tp t law cew tow B . u d y o aw nd n S l e o ll a yo d u s r l S id tu e dy .c M o atm erial Chapter 01 - Financial Statements and Business Decisions Downloaded by: Nurstuvia | Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? CONTINUING CASE CC1–1. Req. 1 Penny’s Pool Service & Supply. Income Statement For the Year Ended December 31, 2014 Revenues Sales revenue $ 60,000 Expenses Cost of supplies used 8,200 Wage expense 24,000 Other administrative expense 4,500 Total expenses 36,700 Pretax income 23,300 Income tax expense 4,000 Net income $19,300 Req. 2 Penny’s Pool Service & Supply. Statement of Stockholders' Equity For the Year Ended December 31, 2014 Common Retained Stock Earnings Balance December 31, 2013 $ 0 $ 0 Issue common stock 20,000 Net income for 2014 19,300 Dividends for 2014 (10,000) Balance December 31, 2014 $ 20,000 $ 9,300 Financial Accounting, 8/e 1-31 © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Global Education Holdings, LLC. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Stuvia.F co i m nd - Tm he o M r a e rke a tp t law cew tow B . u d y o aw nd n S l e o ll a yo d u s r l S id tu e dy .c M o atm erial Chapter 01 - Financial Statements and Business Decisions Downloaded by: Nurstuvia | Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? CC1. (continued) Req. 3 Penny’s Pool Service & Supply Balance Sheet At December 31, 2014 Assets: Cash $ 2,900 Accounts receivable 2,300 Inventories 4,600 Equipment 28,000 Total assets $ 37,800 Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity: Liabilities Accounts payable $3,500 Notes payable to banks 5,000 Total liabilities 8,500 Stockholders' equity Common Stock 20,000 Retained earnings 9,300 Total stockholders' equity 29,300 Total liabilities and stockholders' equity $ 37,800 1-32 Solutions Manual © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Global Education Holdings, LLC. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Stuvia.F co i m nd - Tm he o M r a e rke a tp t law cew tow B . u d y o aw nd n S l e o ll a yo d u s r l S id tu e dy .c M o atm erial Chapter 02 - Investing and Financing Decisions and the Accounting System Downloaded by: Nurstuvia | Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Chapter 2 Investing and Financing Decisions and the Accounting System ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS 1. The primary objective of financial reporting for external users is to provide financial information about the reporting entity that is useful to existing and potential investors, lenders, and other creditors in making decisions about providing resources to the entity. These users are expected to have a reasonable understanding of accounting concepts and procedures. Usually, they are interested in information to assist them in projecting future cash inflows and outflows of a business. 2. (a) An asset is a probable future economic benefit owned or controlled by the entity as a result of past transactions. (b) A current asset is an asset that will be used or turned into cash within one year; inventory is always considered a current asset regardless of how long it takes to produce and sell the inventory. (c) A liability is a probable future sacrifice of economic benefits of the entity arising from preset obligations as a result of a past transaction. (d) A current liability is a liability that will be settled by providing cash, goods, or other services within the coming year. (e) Additional paid-in capital is the owner-provided financing to the business that represents the excess of the amount received when the common stock was issued over the par value of the common stock. (f) Retained earnings are the cumulative earnings of a company that are not distributed to the owners and are reinvested in the business. Financial Accounting, 8/e 2-1 © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Global Education Holdings, LLC. Thisis proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized forsale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Stuvia.F co i m nd - Tm he o M r a e rke a tp t law cew tow B . u d y o aw nd n S l e o ll a yo d u s r l S id tu e dy .c M o atm erial Chapter 02 - Investing and Financing Decisions and the Accounting System Downloaded by: Nurstuvia | Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? 3. (a) The separate-entity assumption requires that business transactions are separate from the transactions of the owners. For example, the purchase of a truck by the owner for personal use is not recorded as an asset of the business. (b) The stable monetary unit assumption requires information to be reported in the national monetary unit without any adjustment for changes in purchasing power. That means that each business will account for and report its financial results primarily in terms of the national monetary unit, such as Yen in Japan and Australian dollars in Australia. (c) Under the continuity or going-concern assumption, businesses are assumed to operate into the foreseeable future. That is, they are not expected to liquidate. (d) The historical cost principle requires assets to be recorded at the cashequivalent cost on the date of the transaction. Cash-equivalent cost is the cash paid plus the dollar value of all noncash considerations. 4. Accounting assumptions are necessary because they reflect the scope of accounting and the expectations that set certain limits on the way accounting information is reported. 5. An account is a standardized format used by organizations to accumulate the dollar effects of transactions on each financial statement item. Accounts are necessary to keep track of all increases and decreases in the fundamental accounting model. 6. The fundamental accounting model is provided by the equation: Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders' Equity 7. A business transaction is (a) an exchange of resources (assets) and obligations (debts) between a business and one or more outside parties, and (b) certain events that directly affect the entity such as the use over time of rent that was paid prior to occupying space and the wearing out of equipment used to operate the business. An example of the first situation is (a) the sale of goods or services. An example of the second situation is (b) the use of insurance paid prior to coverage. 8. Debit is the left side of a T-account and credit is the right side of a T-account. A debit is an increase in assets and a decrease in liabilities and stockholders' equity. A credit is the opposite -- a decrease in assets and an increase in liabilities and stockholders' equity. 2-2 Solutions Manual © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Global Education Holdings, LLC. Thisis proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized forsale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Stuvia.F co i m nd - Tm he o M r a e rke a tp t law cew tow B . u d y o aw nd n S l e o ll a yo d u s r l S id tu e dy .c M o atm erial Chapter 02 - Investing and Financing Decisions and the Accounting System Downloaded by: Nurstuvia | Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? 9. Transaction analysis is the process of studying a transaction to determine its economic effect on the entity in terms of the accounting equation: Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders' Equity The two principles underlying the process are: * every transaction affects at least two accounts. * the accounting equation must remain in balance after each transaction. The two steps in transaction analysis are: (1) identify and classify accounts and the direction and amount of the effects. (2) determine that the accounting equation (A = L + SE) remains in balance. 10. The equalities in accounting are: (a) Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders' Equity (b) Debits = Credits 11. The journal entry is a method for expressing the effects of a transaction on accounts in a debits-equal-credits format. The title of the account(s) to be debited is (are) listed first and the title of the account(s) to be credited is (are) listed underneath the debited accounts. The debited amounts are placed in a left-hand column and the credited amounts are placed in a right-hand column. 12. The T-account is a tool for summarizing transaction effects for each account, determining balances, and drawing inferences about a company's activities. It is a simplified representation of a ledger account with a debit column on the left and a credit column on the right. 13. The current ratio is computed as current assets divided by current liabilities. It measures the ability of the company to pay its short-term obligations with current assets. A ratio above 1.0 normally suggests good liquidity (that is, the company has sufficient current assets to settle short-term obligations). Sophisticated cash management systems allow many companies to minimize funds invested in current assets and have a current ratio below 1.0. However, a ratio that is too high in relation to other competitors in the industry may indicate inefficient use of resources. 14. Investing activities on the statement of cash flows include the buying and selling of productive assets and investments. Financing activities include borrowing and repaying debt, issuing and repurchasing stock, and paying dividends. Financial Accounting, 8/e 2-3 © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Global Education Holdings, LLC. Thisis proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized forsale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Stuvia.F co i m nd - Tm he o M r a