AP World History Exam Study Guide With Complete Answer.

Civilization - correct answer An ambiguous term often used to denote more complex societies but sometimes used by anthropologists to describe any group of people sharing a set of cultural traits. Foragers - correct answer People who support themselves by hunting wild animals and gathering wild edible plants and insects. Cuneiform - correct answer A system of writing in which wedge-shaped symbols represented words or syllables. It originated in Mesopotamia and was used initially for Sumerian and Akkadian but later was adapted to represent other languages of western Asia. Because so many symbols had to be learned, literacy was confined to a relatively small group of administrators and scribes. History - correct answer The study of past events and changes in the development, transmission, and transformation of cultural practices. City-state - correct answer A small independent state consisting of an urban center and the surrounding agricultural territory. A characteristic political form in early Mesopotamia, classical Greece, Phoenicia, and early Italy. Culture - correct answer Socially transmitted patterns of action and expression. Material _____ refers to physical objects, such as dwellings, clothing, tools, and crafts. _____ also includes arts, beliefs, knowledge, and technology. Agricultural Revolution/Neolithic Revolution-When? - correct answer The change from food gathering to food production that occurred between 8000 and 2000 B.C.E., independently in various parts of the world. This also includes the domestication of plants and animals. Paleolithic - correct answer The period of the Stone Age associated with the evolution of humans. It predates the Neolithic period. Neolithic - correct answer The period of the Stone Age associated with the ancient Agricultural Revolution (s). It follows the Paleolithic period. Mohenjo-Darro - correct answer Largest of the cities of the Indus Valley civilization. It was centrally located in the extensive floodplain of the Indus River in contemporary Pakistan. Little is known about the political institutions of Indus Valley communities, but the large scale of construction at Mohenjo-Daro, the orderly grid for streets, and the standardization of building materials are evidence of central planning. Name the 4 river valleys where civilization began. - correct answer 1) Mesopotamia, 2) Egypt, 3) Pakistan, 4) northern China What are the characteristics of civilization? - correct answer 1) Cities that serve as administrative centers, 2) a political system based on control of defined territory, 3) specialization, 4) status based on wealth, 5) monumental buildings, 6) a writing system, 7) long distance trade, and 8) major advancements in science and art. Loess - correct answer A fine, light silt deposited by wind and water. It constitutes the fertile soil of the Yellow River Valley in northern China. Because _____ soil is not compacted, it can be worked with a simple digging stick, but it leaves the region vulnerable to devastating earthquakes. Daoism - correct answer Chinese school of thought, originating in the Warring States Period with Laozi. Daoism offered an alternative to the Confucian emphasis on hierarchy and duty. Daoists believe that the world is always changing and is devoid of absolute morality or meaning. They accept the world as they find it, avoid futile struggles, and deviate as little as possible from the Dao, or "path" of nature. Legalism - correct answer An authoritarian political philosophy that came to be called ____. These thinkers believe human nature is essentially wicked and that people behave in an orderly fashion only if compelled by strict laws and harsh punishments. Confucius - correct answer Western name for the Chinese philosopher Konzi (551-479 B.C.E.). His doctrine of duty and public service had a great influence on subsequent Chinese thought and served as a code of conduct for government officials.