Bilingual Supplemental (164) Flashcards Notes (2024 latest update fully solved & verified for accuracy

Test Code: Time to Take the Test: Number of Questions: Test Code: 164 Time to Take the Test: 5 Hours Number of Questions: 80 Multiple-Choice Questions The test may contain questions that do not count toward the score. Main Idea of each 4 of the Bilingual Supplemental Domains: Domain 1: Court Cases Domain 2: ESL Part Domain 3: 1st Lang. Domain 4: 1st & 2nd Lang. Domain 5: Content in L1 & L2 - Domain 1: Court Cases; Concepts of bilingualism & Biculturalism. -Domain 2: ESL Piece; Process of 1st& 2nd language acquisition & development. -Domain 3: How do we access it & develop it in the 1st language; dev. & assessment of literacy in the primary language. -Domain 4: 1st & 2nd language; dev. & assessment of biliteracy. -Domain 5: content knowledge in instruction L1 & L2. First Bilingual schools were in English and what? English and German The Civil Rights Act of 1964 - The Civil Rights Act of 1964, which ended segregation in public places and banned employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin, is considered one of the crowning legislative achievements of the civil rights movement. - is a federal law that prohibits employers from discriminating against employees on the basis of sex, race, color, national origin, and religion. It generally applies to employers with 15 or more employees, including federal, state, and local governments. - Setting the Stage for Bilingual Education - Bilingual education in the United States was pushed back into the spotlight as a direct result of the 1959 revolution in Cuba. After Fidel Castro overthrew the dictatorship and established a Communist government, many middle- and upper-class Cubans fled to the United States. A large number of these refugees settled in Florida. Well-educated but with little in the way of resources, they were assisted quite generously by the federal and state governments. - Among this assistance was ESL instruction, provided by the Dade County (Florida) Public Schools. In addition, the school district launched a "Spanish for Spanish Speakers" program. In 1963, a bilingual education program was introduced at the Coral Way Elementary School in Miami. Directed by both U.S. and Cuban educators, the program began in the first through third grades. U.S. and Cuban students received a half day of English and a half day of Spanish instruction; at lunch time and recess and during music and art classes the groups were mixed together. Within three years the district was able to report benefits for both groups of students, who were now not only bilingual but also bicultural. This was no accident: the goal of the Coral Way initiative was to promote exactly this level of fluency. Bilingualism Legislation and Cases: The Civil Rights Act (1964) Civil Rights Act: Title VI (6) (1964) - The Civil Rights Act of 1964 DID NOT ADDRESS BILINGUAL EDUCATION DIRECTLY, BUT IT DID OPENED AN IMPORTANT DOOR. Title VI of the Act specifically PROHIBITS DISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF RACE, COLOR, OR NATIONAL ORIGIN IN ANY PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES THAT RECEIVE FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE. - What this means, among other aspects, is that school districts that receive federal aid are required to ensure that minority students are getting the same access to programs as non-minorities. This minority group includes language minority (LM) students, defined as students who live in a home in which a language other than English is spoken. (Although some LM students are fluent in English, many are classified as LEP.) - Title VI's critical role in bilingualism would be made clear a decade later in the Lau v. Nichols case. - Title VI; No discrimination based on race, color, age, creed, or national origin. - prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, or national origin in the operation of federally assisted programs. Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965. (ESEA) - The Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (ESEA) was originally passed as part of the Lyndon B. Johnson administration's War on Poverty campaign. The original goal of the law, which remains today, was to improve educational equity for students from lower-income families by providing federal funds to school districts serving poor students. Typically, these school districts receive less state and local funding than those serving more affluent children. Why? Usually because local property taxes are typically the primary funding source for schools, and property values are much lower in poorer areas. ESEA is the single largest source of federal spending on elementary and secondary education. In return for these taxpayer dollars, states and districts must show that they're working to meet the needs and providing a quality education to all of their students. When education policy folks talk about accountability, this is what they mean. - ESEA has been reauthorized eight times since 1965, most recently in December of 2015 when lawmakers revamped No Child Left Behind and renamed it the Every Student Succeeds Act. Each reauthorization brought changes to the program. Despite the changes, its central goal remains: improving the educational opportunities and outcomes for children from lower-income families. - The first federal legislation for bilingual education of which the Bilingual Education Act of 1968 was important part. It was reauthorized in 1974,1978, 1984 and 1988. Revisions included funding authorizations and re-definitions of who was eligible for services. - ESEA passed by Lyndon B. Johnson; emphasizes equal access to education, sets high standards for academic performance; Title 1 provided funds for education of low income childre Bilingual Education Act- Title VII (7) (1968) - *The law targeted children of limited English speaking ability from low-income families. - provides funds for training and materials for a bilingual teacher. - Bilingual schooling became "a federal policy for the first time in the history of the U.S. - Act didn't specifically mandate or define Bilingual Education. It was assumed that Bilingual Educ. meant some form of native language instruction along with English as a second language. Did not require schools to use a language other than English in order to receive funding. - The Act's focus was explicitly remedial or compensatory, aimed at children who were both 1. poor (Parents earned less than $3000 per yr) 2. educationally disadvantaged bc of their inability to speak English. In other words, the law targeted children of Limited English speaking ability (LESA) from low-income families. - A key question of goals: 1. Whether the law was meant to transition students into English-only mainstream classrooms as soon as possible (Assimilative Program) OR 2. Help learners come proficient bilinguals (Acculturative or Pluralistic Program), was left unresolved. - ESEA was amended with Title VII resulting in BEA which provided assistance for programs designed to meet the needs of Limited English proficient students (Gave funds for training and materials for bilingual teachers) Problems with Districts that chose to implement a new program were confronted with 4 Fundamental Problems due to the Bilingual Education Act- Title VII (7) (1968): 1. a lack of trained bilingual teachers & staff. 2. A lack of materials & technology. 3. a lack of public support, & most importantly 4. a lack of established educational programs to prepare bilingual classroom teachers. Despite these problems, pluralists were not deterred (discouraged from acting). They pressed forward with program implementation recognizing that as demonstration projects, snags were to be expected. Later, these problems became issues to be pursued in subsequent legislative amendments to the Bilingual Education Act of 1968. Reauthorized Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965. (ESEA) ONLY THIS TIME IN 1974: (Further defined the Bilingual Education- but still had Gaps) - On August 21, 1974 President Gerald Ford signed into law the Bilingual Education Act of 1974, reauthorizing Title VII (7) of the Elementary & Secondary Education Act of 1965. The Bilingual Education Amendments of 1974 represented the 1st major revision of the Bilingual Education Act. 1. For the 1st time, the 1974 Bilingual Education Amendments defined a program of Bilingual Education. The definition provided that: -there is instruction given in, and study of, English & to the extent necessary to allow a child to progress effectively through the educational system, the native language of LESA children; & such instruction is given with appreciation for the cultural hertitage of such children. (Public Law 93-380, 1974) The definition "affirmed the transitional goal of bilingual education, (4m Spanish to English ASAP!!) but did NOT specifically rule out maintenance programs. Therefore, the Act again failed to resolve the tension between the goals of transition to English (Assimilative Program) and maintenance of hom