OpenStax Psychology 2e Perfect Study Guide Latest

OpenStax Psychology 2e Perfect Study Guide Latest American Psychological Association - professional organization representing psychologists in the United States behaviorism - focus on observing and controlling behavior biopsychology - study of how biology influences behavior biopsychosocial model - perspective that asserts that biology, psychology, and social factors interact to determine an individual's health clinical psychology - area of psychology that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior cognitive psychology - study of cognitions, or thoughts, and their relationship to experiences and actions counseling psychology - area of psychology that focuses on improving emotional, social, vocational, and other aspects of the lives of psychologically healthy individuals developmental psychology - scientific study of development across a lifespan dissertation - long research paper about research that was conducted as a part of the candidate's doctoral training empirical method - method for acquiring knowledge based on observation, including experimentation, rather than a method based only on forms of logical argument or previous authorities forensic psychology - area of psychology that applies the science and practice of psychology to issues within and related to the justice system functionalism - focused on how mental activities helped an organism adapt to its environment humanism - perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans introspection - process by which someone examines their own conscious experience in an attempt to break it into its component parts ology - suffix that denotes "scientific study of" PhD - (doctor of philosophy) doctoral degree conferred in many disciplinary perspectives housed in a traditional college of liberal arts and sciences PsyD - (doctor of psychology) doctoral degree that places less emphasis on research-oriented skills and focuses more on application of psychological principles in the clinical context personality psychology - study of patterns of thoughts and behaviors that make each individual unique personality trait - consistent pattern of thought and behavior postdoctoral training program - allows young scientists to further develop their research programs and broaden their research skills under the supervision of other professionals in the field psyche - Greek word for soul psychoanalytic theory - focus on the role of the unconscious in affecting conscious behavior psychology - scientific study of the mind and behavior sport and exercise psychology - area of psychology that focuses on the interactions between mental and emotional factors and physical performance in sports, exercise, and other activities structuralism - understanding the conscious experience through introspection Wilhelm Wundt - established the first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig, Germany Plato - Socrates' most well known pupil. Founded an academy in Athens. Descartes - French philosopher, nativist, and dualist Dualism - the presumption that mind and body are two distinct entities that interact William James - founder of functionalism; studied how humans use perception to function in our environment Erik Erikson - famous for his 8-stage model of psychosocial development; neo-Freudian John B. Watson - developed behaviorism ( the study of observable behavior) Ivan Pavlov - discovered classical conditioning; trained dogs to salivate at the ringing of a bell Albert Bandura - Social learning theory; Bobo doll experiment Abraham Maslow - created hierarchy of needs Lawrence Kohlberg - Theory of Moral Development Naomi Weisstein - Credited with starting the feminist revolution in psychology Anna Freud - Continued her father's work in psychoanalysis with an emphasis on children. Charles Darwin - English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection () Democritus - Greek philosopher that said all matter is made of tiny particles called "atomos" or atoms behaviorist perspective - the psychological perspective primarily concerned with observable behavior that can be objectively recorded and with the relationships of observable behavior to environmental stimuli psychoanalytic perspective - the perspective that stresses the influences of unconscious forces on human behavior evolutionary psychology - the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection cognitive perspective - how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information The Interpretation of Dreams - the Bible of Psychoanalysis by Freud sociocultural perspective - perspective that focuses on the relationship between social behavior and culture critical thinking - thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions. Hypothesis - A testable prediction, often implied by a theory Stanley Milgram - obedience to authority; had participants administer what they believed were dangerous electrical shocks to other participants; wanted to see if Germans were an aberration or if all people were capable of committing evil actions Albert Ellis - rational emotive behavior therapy Critical Thinking - the objective analysis and evaluation of an issue in order to form a judgment. Introspection - examination of one's own thoughts and feelings Dissertation - a formal and long paper, written for a degree at a university or college Herman Ebbinghaus () - created the forgetting curve and serial position effect in memory Solomon Asch - Conducted famous conformity experiment that required subjects to match lines. Harry Harlow - Studied attachment in monkeys with artificial mothers Prefrontal Lobotomy - example of what happens when we rely on our subjective impressions; brain damage before and after the surgery remained the same Heuristics - mental shortcuts or rules of thumb Healthy Skpeticism - strive to think critically about information we encounter (regardless of the source) Facts - observable realities Opinions - personal judgements, conclusions, or attitudes Theory - a well-developed set of ideas that propose an explanation of observed phenomena Hypothesis - a testable prediction about how the world will behave if our idea is correct Falsifiable - capable of being false Case Study - in depth study of rare cases (does not tell cause and effect); ex: Phineas Gage, H.M., Little Albert Anecdote - a study of one person Naturalistic Observation - watching behavior in real-world settings High Degree of External Validity - extent to which we can generalize our findings to the real world Low Degree of Internal Validity - extent to which we can draw cause-and-effect inferences Observer Bias - the tendency of the observer to unconsciously skew observations to fit the research goal/expectations Operational Definition - being specific about what is being observed; important to specify how we're measuring our variables ahead of time Self-Report Measures and Surveys - surveys and questionnaires; advantages: -easy to administer -subtle information disadvantages: -may not have insight -may not be honest Population - everyone in a particular group Sample - a portion of a population to be studied Random Selection - procedure that ensures every person in a population has an equal chance of being chosen to participate Reliability - repeatable/consistency in the data or results Validity - measure of something being measured (if valid, also reliable) Positive Impression Management - faking good (better than reality) Malingering - faking bad (worse than reality) Ratings Data - rating the behavior of others Halo Effect - tendency of ratings of one positive characteristics to spill over to influence the ratings of other positive characteristics Leniency Effect - tendency of raters to provide ratings that are overly generous (opposite of Halo Effect) Archival Research - looking back at old records to obtain data, hard copy or electronically Longitudinal Research - a research that tests the same group of individuals over an extended period of time Attrition Rates - dropouts/people lost over the course of the study Cross-sectional Research - a "snapshot;" a researcher compares multiple segments of the population at a given time Cohort Effect - an effect that different age groups give different reaction results not necessarily due to their age Correlational Design - research design that examines the extent to which two variables are associated; depicted in a scatter plot; correlations have predictive value; CORRELATION DOES NOT MEAN CAUSATION