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Lecture notes 6 organic chemistry

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The notes from lecture 6 of the organic chemistry course. The document contains clear images. Furthermore, it is organized and clearly marked. Most of it is written in English, but it also contains a number of Dutch notes.

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Uploaded on
February 27, 2024
Number of pages
6
Written in
2022/2023
Type
Class notes
Professor(s)
Prof. dr. t.n. grossmann
Contains
Hoorcollege 6

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Organische chemie
Hoorcollege 6 – 13 maart 2023


Energie verschil tussen electrofiel en nucleofiel is klein ( interacting orbitals close in energy)
dan een large energy gain.  reageren minder snel met elkaar
Energie verschil groot, dan kleine energy gain, reageren sneller


Nucleophile is the HOMO, electrophile is the LUMO

- HOMO of the nucleophile is relative high in energy
- LUMO of the electrophile is relative low in energy

Focusses on carbonyl compound in this lecture


The carbonyl group




Oxygen can have two free electrons pairs
Oxygen orbitals are some lower than the carbon orbital. Why? Because oxygen is more
electronegativity
Red is an sp2 orbital
C en o hebben allebei sp2 orbital, hiervan worden er 2 enkele niet gebruikt. Er ontstaat dus
een gevulde sigma orbital en een gevulde pi orbital.
Electronegativity difference means C=O pi orbital is distorted towards O.
Electronegativity difference means C-O sigma orbital is distorted towards O
Electronegativity difference means C=) pi* orbital is distorted towards C  volgens mij omdat
deze orbital niet gevuld is
Koolstof kan maar één binding aangaan, dubbele binding tussen o verdwijnt en er ontstaat
een negatieve lading op o
Er is een dipool on de carbonyl groep, C beetje positief geladen en O beetje negatief
geladen. Hierdoor gaat er een negatieve groep op C zitten
Electrons in homo begins to interact with lumo  ontstaat een sp3 bond (want dubbele
binding is nu weg)
Sp2 naar sp3  substituents move closer together

, Carbonyl compounds




Aldehyde is more reactive


Reaction mechanism : steps
1. Identify nucleophile and electrophile
a. Nucleophile is a negative part, has electrons
b. Electrophile is a positive part (gets electrons)
2. Nucleophilic attack
a. Nucleophile becomes neutral
3. Make product neutral
a. Een h toevoegen om o neutraal te maken
b. Water provides the proton


Reduction of a ketone to an alcohol
Van een BH4 groep kan een h opgenomen worden
Pijl van hele bond, want wordt volledig overgeplaatst
 Dus wat er gebeurd: dubbele binding O verdwijnt. De O krijgt een H erbij en er komt
soms nog een H bij, om aan het aantal bindingen te komen


Oxidation state - van deze reactie:




Plus two, oxygen trekt meer aan twee elektronen, waardoor c een plus lading krijgt van twee.
Dit gaat over de elektronen die ze samen delen, de o en c.
De andere is 0. Rechts van pijl. Want C gebonden aan een OH en aan een H. Doordat H zelf
1 plus geladen is, wordt de C een beetje negatief (1-). Doordat O negatief geladen is, wordt
C beetje positief. Totaal twee H+  2+ lading, en 1 O  -2 lading. +2-2= 0
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