BIO 1010 Madeline Choi Exam 1 2024 study guide fully solved & verified for accuracy

What is life? 8.7 million species (not bacteria) and some aren't even identified yet What are the requirements for life? Organization, Materials/Energy, Can reproduce and develop, can respond to environment, can maintain internal environment, and can adapt to environment Brainpower Read More Previous Play Next Rewind 10 seconds Move forward 10 seconds Unmute 0:00 / 0:15 Full screen What does it mean to say "organized"? It is hierarchal (atom -> molecule -> cell ->.....biosphere) What does it mean to need materials/energy? We need energy to survive! Food -> Nutrients -> Energy Nutrients are broken down to build proteins (metabolism) What is the main source of energy? sun What is chemical cycling? Producers make organic nutrients that are taken up by consumers then returned to producers (through decomposers) What is the order of energy flow? Sun -> Plants -> organisms -> return as heat What does it mean to need to have reproduction and development? Be able to make another organism like themselves Genes are passed and make a set of new and different characteristics True or false: All mutations are bad. FALSE, they allow for evolution and variation What is stimuli? Info we receive and perceive (goosebumps) What does it mean to have a maintenance of internal environment? Your body must be stable. This is done through homeostasis Why do we need adaptation? We have to adapt to survive. When we adapt, we become more suited to survive. This allows us to live longer and produce more offspring through natural selection Why do we name organisms? Naming help us attempt to organize them What is taxonomy? The discipline of identifying and grouping organisms What is systematics? The study of evolutionary relationships among organisms What is taxa? basic classification strategies What are the basic classifications? Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species (Dear King Philip Came Over For Great Salsa) (most inclusive to least inclusive) What are the 3 domains of life? Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya What is the first word when naming an organism? Genus, ALWAYS capitalized What is the second word when naming an organism? Specific epithet (species), always lowercase When typing the name of an organism, always ____? Italicize When writing the name of an organism, always ____? Underline What is the scientific method? Standard series of steps used in gaining new knowledge What is observation? Formal way of watching the natural world What is a hypothesis? A possible explanation for a natural event True or false: You are always right when giving a hypothesis FALSE; most of the time you are wrong What is an experiment? Series of procedures to test a hypothesis. It takes a long time to do all of this and publish your work What are some challenges facing science? 1. Climate change, global warming, greenhouse effect 2. Biodiversity and habitat loss, extinction (threats are most anthropogenic, which are human caused) 3. Diseases (emerging diseases are new to humans) Who made some of the earliest microscopes? Anton van Leeuwenhoek Who was the first person to use the term "cell"? Robert Hooke What does the cell theory state? 1. All organisms are made up of basic living units 2. All cells come from previously existing cells What are the 2 cell types? Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic What are some characteristics of prokaryotic cells? The lack membrane-bound nucleus (bacteria, archaea) What are some characteristics of eukaryotic cells? Membrane-bound nuclei that contain genetic info and are surrounded by a plasma membrane (plants, animals, fungi, protists) What are characteristics of a plasma membrane? Made of a phospholipid bilayer Contains hydrophobic tails (water fearing) Contains hydrophilic heads (water loving) What are the functions of the plasma membrane? 1. Separates contents of cell from surrounding environment (protection) 2. Regulation of module passage (semi-permeable) What is an organelle? Any well-defined sub-cellular structure that performs a particular function What does the cytoskeleton do? maintains cell shape and movement of cell parts What is cytoplasm? Semifluid matrix outside nucleus that contains organelles What is the nucleus? "brain" of the cell that contains genetic materials What is the rough ER? has ribosomes; processes proteins What is the smooth ER? no ribosomes; makes lipids What does the mitochondria do? carries out respiration and makes ATP (energy) What does the Golgi apparatus do? processes, packages, and secretes cell products What is a lysosome? vehicle that digests macromolecules Where did eukaryotic cells come from? Endosymbiotic theory proposes that a prokaryote entered a host cell and then they lived happily ever after This was proposed by Lynn Mangulis It explains the origin of mitochondria, chloroplasts, and internal membranes What is the evidence of the Endosymbiotic Theory? 1. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are similar to bacteria (size/structure) 2. Both are double membrane bound (outer = from engulfing vesicle), (inner = derived from plasma membrane of original prokaryote) 3. Limited amount of genetic material (DNA is circular, similar to prokaryotes)