BIOL 1010 Auburn Exam 2024 study guide fully solved & verified for accuracy.

Causes of wrinkles -exposure to the sun -age Homeostasis stable internal operating conditions within the body Brainpower Read More Previous Play Next Rewind 10 seconds Move forward 10 seconds Unmute 0:07 / 0:15 Full screen Integument protective outer covering of the body Functions of the Integument -Protection from bacteria, UV rays, and harmful external threats -Regulate internal temperature -sensory receptors detect environmental stimuli Epidermis -formed by several layers of cells -contains stratum basale and stratum corneum Stratum Basale Innermost layer of the epidermis (miotic). Contains melanocytes which darken the skin and protect against UV rays. Stratum Corneum Outermost layer of the epidermis. Consists of flattened dead cells, keratin Dermis -mostly connective tissue: contains collagen and elastin -houses blood vessels, lymph vessels, oil and sweat glands, and sensory nerves. Sweat Glands produce fluid in response to stress (fright, overheating) Oil Glands Lubricate and soften the skin while reducing bacterial populations Hair Root embedded in the dermis Arrector Pili Muscles smooth muscles that are attached to and erect hairs causing goose bumps Hypertrichosis Excessive hair growth (far more than normal) Skin Cancer Most common form of cancer in the US Malignant Melanoma accounts for 3/4 of the deaths due to skin cancer. Bad if distant. Hyaline Cartilage tracheal rings, end of nose, end of sternum, and in the articulating joints. Elastic Cartilage external ear is where this is located Fibrocartilage found in intervertebral disks Bone Functions -interact with muscles to move the body -support and protect -depository -blood production Compact bone found on the outside of the bone Osteocytes Bone cells. Found in compact bone and housed in spaces called lacunae. Lacunae Where osteocytes are housed. Haversian Systems found in the compact bone and are composed of concentric circles called lamellae. Lamellae Concentric circles making up Haversian systems. Haversian Canal Located at the center of each Haversian system and containing blood vessels and nerves. Canaliculi tiny channels that connect Haversian canals to osteocytes. Spongy Bone found in the epiphysis and contains red marrow that produces blood cells. Bone Formation and Remodeling -start w a cartilage model - secretions made by osteoblasts become mineralized. -Remodeling - minerals are deposited and removed at the same time. Somatotropin -stimulates osteoblasts to deposit - bones grow longer. -causes osteoclasts to remove to remove matrix Osteoblasts deposit new matrix to the bone in growth Osteoclasts Remove and absorb bone matrix Joints areas of contact or near-contact between bones. Fibrous Joints no gaps between the bones. Ex: flat cranial bones Cartilaginous Joints permit only slight movement Ex: Intervertebral Joints Synovial Joints move freely and stabilized by ligaments. Ex: Ball and socket joints and hinge joints