AQA A LEVEL HISTORY 7042/1F COMPONENT 1F INDUSTRIALISATION AND THE PEOPLE OF BRITAIN ,C VERSION 1.0 FINAL QUESTION PAPERS & MERGED MARKING SCHEME | JUNE 2023

Extract A Industrialisation quickly broke up traditional social patterns which had existed for centuries. Living conditions in industrial towns, even more than working conditions, created new and terrifying problems. The new urban environment, affecting a steadily rising proportion of the nation, brought problems of poor living conditions and of social controls, just as much as factory employment brought the problems of discipline and regularity in work. Industrialists solved their problems more efficiently than local government, police and public administrators solved theirs. However, the evidence of bad conditions of work and life compiled by government commissions and reformers did show a determination to get things changed. The self-help movement appeared from the 1830s as a spontaneous phenomenon, with the rapid creation of societies to implement it – even though these ideas had been preached by the upper classes to the poor for a very long time. By the 1850s, two-thirds of the employed population in Lancashire were on the books of such organisations. Adapted from P Mathias, The First Industrial Nation, an Economic History of Britain, 1700–1914, 1969 5 10 Extract B The Industrial Revolution brought both social and economic changes. Fear of redundancy hung over the working population, who were forced to accept harsher work discipline. The employer acknowledged no responsibility to care for his workers. Some workers hoped for improvement in their economic conditions through legislation. Having been excluded from the franchise in the 1832 Reform Act they turned to political movements, particularly during times of depression. However, the number of people actively engaged in political movements was small. Drink, cruel sports or evangelical religion probably attracted larger and more permanent bodies of supporters. Perhaps the greatest change brought by industrialisation was the movement to form combinations among workers with a view to improving their wages and conditions of employment. But the idea of a union as a permanent body with a national membership and a defined strategy was to emerge only slowly. Employers were hostile to unions, and many potential union leaders were distracted by the variety of other social and political campaigns in the years 1832 to 1860. Adapted from R Tames, Economy and Society in Nineteenth Century Britain, 1972