Psychology Themes and Variations, 5th Canadian Edition Wayne Weiten V2

Name: Class: Date: Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 1 1. Which two disciplines provided foundations for the field of psychology? a. physiology and theology b. physiology and sociology c. philosophy and physiology d. sociology and philosophy ANSWER: c 2. While the term “psychology” has existed since at least the early 1700s, when did psychology come to be considered a science? a. the 1750s b. the early 1800s c. the late 1800s d. the 1940s ANSWER: c 3. Which event marked the “birth” of psychology as a science? a. Wilhelm Wundt established the first laboratory for psychological research. b. Sigmund Freud first described the unconscious. c. Charles Darwin published the theory of natural selection. d. William James published the textbook Principles of Psychology. ANSWER: a 4. How did Wilhelm Wundt define psychology? a. the scientific study of the unconscious b. the scientific study of conscious experience c. the scientific study of behaviour d. the scientific study of the brain ANSWER: b 5. What are the two Greek words that make up “psychology”? a. psyche, meaning the brain and logos, referring to the study of a subject b. psyche, meaning the brain and logos, referring to research c. psyche, meaning the soul and logos, referring to the study of a subject d. psyche, meaning the soul and logos, referring to the history of a subject ANSWER: c 6. Who established the first experimental psychology lab in the British Empire at the University of Toronto in 1891? a. James Mark Baldwin b. Donald Hebb c. William Wundt d. Brenda Milner ANSWER: a 7. Which school of psychology stated that the task of psychology is to analyze conscious experience into its basic elements? a. functionalism b. psychoanalysis c. behaviourism d. structuralism ANSWER: d 8. What did both Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener believe should be the focus of psychology? a. observable behaviour b. the function or purpose of consciousness Name: Class: Date: Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 2 c. unconscious determinants of behaviour d. basic elements of conscious experience ANSWER: d 9. Which technique would you be using if you take a sip of a soft drink and concentrate on what you are experiencing (cold, bubbly, sweet, etc.)? a. empiricism b. behaviourism c. introspection d. functionalism ANSWER: c 10. What technique would you be using if, while watching a sunset, you stop and analyze your sensations, thoughts, and feelings? a. dehaviourism b. introspection c. psychoanalysis d. functionalism ANSWER: b 11. What did William James believe should be the focus of psychology? a. the function or purpose of consciousness b. basic elements of conscious experience c. observable behaviour d. unconscious determinants of behaviour ANSWER: a 12. Which individual is known as the founder of functionalism? a. Sigmund Freud b. John Watson c. Wilhelm Wundt d. William James ANSWER: d 13. Which statement best illustrates the difference in psychology in Canada when compared to psychology in the United States? a. There are more psychologists per capita in Canada. b. The nature of the impact of Canadian cultural diversity on the area of cultural psychology differs to that in the United States. c. Psychologists in the United States receive better training. d. Canadian psychologists tend to place less emphasis on neuroscience than American psychologists. ANSWER: b 14. Which statement does NOT accurately describe the Canadian Psychological Association? a. It was formed in 1939. b. It has mostly male members. c. It has over 7000 members and affiliates. d. It is Canada’s largest organization for psychology. ANSWER: b 15. Which school of psychology stated that consciousness developed in humans because it serves a useful purpose? a. humanism b. functionalism c. behaviourism d. structuralism ANSWER: b Name: Class: Date: Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 3 16. Which school of psychology had a practical focus and was interested in how people adapted their behaviour to the demands of the world? a. functionalism b. behaviourism c. psychoanalysis d. structuralism ANSWER: a 17. Who is associated with the concept of “stream of consciousness”? a. William James b. Wilhelm Wundt c. Sigmund Freud d. John Watson ANSWER: a 18. Two scientists from another planet, Poz and Zog, visit earth and are attempting to study our computers. Poz focuses on how the computer is used for work and for play, while Zog concentrates on the construction of each component of the computer. If you were to compare their approaches to the original schools of psychology, which of the following analogies is most accurate? a. Poz’s approach is similar to functionalism. b. Zog’s approach is similar to behaviourism. c. Zog’s approach is similar to psychoanalysis. d. Poz’s approach is similar to structuralism. ANSWER: a 19. Which statement best describes the enduring influence of structuralism and functionalism on psychology today? a. Neither structuralism nor functionalism exerted a long-lasting influence on psychology. b. Both structuralism and functionalism exerted equivalent influences on psychology. c. Structuralism has exerted the greatest influence on psychology. d. Functionalism has exerted the greatest influence on psychology. ANSWER: d 20. Who is known as the founder of behaviourism? a. John Watson b. Carl Rogers c. Wilhelm Wundt d. Sigmund Freud ANSWER: a 21. How did John Watson define psychology? a. the scientific study of the brain b. the scientific study of the unconscious c. the scientific study of behaviour d. the scientific study of conscious experience ANSWER: c 22. Which school of psychology made a clear distinction between observable behaviours and unobservable thoughts and feelings? a. functionalism b. behaviourism c. psychoanalysis d. structuralism Name: Class: Date: Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 4 ANSWER: b 23. What did John Watson believe should be the focus of psychology? a. unconscious determinants of behaviour b. observable behaviour c. basic elements of conscious experience d. the function or purpose of consciousness ANSWER: b 24. Who is NOT one of the women pioneers in Canadian psychology? a. Mary Salter Ainsworth b. Karen Horney c. Doreen Kimura d. Mary Wright ANSWER: b 25. If Dr. Meharry is a behaviourist, what would he most likely say is the cause of a child’s disruptive behaviour in school? a. a combination of his genetic inheritance and his prior experiences b. his prior experiences c. his genetic inheritance d. a learning disability ANSWER: b 26. Which school of psychology was most influential in increasing the use of animals in psychological research? a. structuralism b. humanism c. behaviourism d. animalism ANSWER: c 27. Who would be most likely to focus on your thoughts, memories, and desires that are outside of conscious rational processes? a. B F Skinner b. Sigmund Freud c. John Watson d. Abraham Maslow ANSWER: b 28. What did Sigmund Freud believe should be the focus of studies of personality, motivation, and mental disorders? a. observable behaviour b. basic elements of conscious experience c. unconscious determinants of behaviour d. the function or purpose of consciousness ANSWER: c 29. Even though you know it isn’t good for you, you just ate an entire large bag of chips. What would Sigmund Freud say is the cause of your behaviour? a. your unconscious mind b. your genetic influences c. your history of reinforcement and punishment d. your inability to think quickly ANSWER: a 30. Which of the following did NOT have a significant influence on the development of Sigmund Freud’s theory? Name: Class: Date: Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 5 a. the results of his experimental research b. his observation of the slips of the tongue people tend to make c. knowledge gained from his examination of his own anxieties, conflicts, and desires d. knowledge gained as a result of working with patients ANSWER: a 31. What did Sigmund Freud believe prevented us from being totally in control of our own minds? a. the physiological functioning of our bodies b. environmental influences acting on us c. the unconscious d. introspection ANSWER: c 32. Which of the following was NOT one of the reasons that psychoanalysis was controversial when it was first developed? a. its focus on the unconscious b. its lack of experimental research c. its emphasis on sexual issues d. its focus on abnormal behaviour ANSWER: d 33. Who was forced to resign from Johns Hopkins University because of a scandal related to his personal life and then went on to become successful in the business world and, ironically, the first ‘pop’ psychologist? a. Carl Rogers b. John Watson c. Sigmund Freud d. B F Skinner ANSWER: b 34. Which school of psychology is associated with B F Skinner? a. humanism b. behaviourism c. psychoanalysis d. functionalism ANSWER: b 35. Who was known for his concept of radical behaviourism? a. B F Skinner b. Ivan Pavlov c. Edward Thorndike d. John B. Watson ANSWER: a 36. Who believed that organisms tend to repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes? a. Sigmund Freud b. B F Skinner c. William James d. Carl Rogers ANSWER: b 37. According to B. F. Skinner, if you study “extra hard” for your first psychology midterm and earn an “A,” what would you do for your next psychology midterm? a. reduce your study time by approximately 50 percent b. continue to study “extra hard” c. devote all of your study time to your other courses d. reduce your study time by approximately 25 percent ANSWER: b Name: Class: Date: Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 6 38. If you wish to teach a child to pick up his toys, whose principles and techniques would be most useful? a. Wilhelm Wundt b. William James c. B F Skinner d. Abraham Maslow ANSWER: c 39. Lisa taught her son to buckle his seatbelt quickly after getting into the car by allowing him to play one of his CDs on the car stereo only after he was buckled up. Which school of psychology would most endorse this method? a. cognitive psychology b. humanism c. biological psychology d. behaviourism ANSWER: d 40. Which statement would Skinner most likely disagree with? a. Organisms tend to repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes. b. Organisms tend not to repeat responses that lead to neutral or negative outcomes. c. All behaviour is governed by external consequences. d. Individuals have free will. ANSWER: d 41. Upon reflecting upon your own behaviour, you conclude that you behave in a very predictable fashion. You feel that you don’t really choose your behaviours freely or consciously. Rather, you believe that your behaviour is controlled by what has happened to you in the past. Which theorist would be most likely to agree with you? a. B F Skinner b. Edward Titchener c. Carl Rogers d. Sigmund Freud ANSWER: a 42. Who was NOT one of the founders of the positive psychology movement? a. Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi b. Carl Rogers c. Martin Seligman d. Barbara Fredrickson ANSWER: b 43. Which school of psychology believes people have a basic need to fulfill their potential for personal growth and that we have free will? a. psychoanalysis b. cognitive psychology c. humanism d. behaviourism ANSWER: c 44. Which school of psychology would be least likely to compare humans to other animals? a. behaviourism b. functionalism c. humanism d. evolutionary psychology ANSWER: c 45. Who is considered a humanistic psychologist? a. Carl Rogers b. Wilhelm Wundt c. B F Skinner d. Sigmund Freud Name: Class: Date: Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 7 ANSWER: a 46. Which of the following would both Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow agree with? a. People have a basic need to fulfill their potential for personal growth. b. Human behaviour is entirely shaped by environmental events. c. People are controlled by genetic forces and do not tend to change across the life span. d. Human behaviour is largely determined by primitive sexual urges. ANSWER: a 47. Imagine that you are a psychologist, and your major goal is to help people reach their potential. Which school of psychology do you endorse with that statement? a. structuralism b. humanism c. psychoanalysis d. behaviourism ANSWER: b 48. Where was the first experimental psychology laboratory in Canada established in 1891? a. University of Toronto b. Dalhousie University c. University of Alberta d. McGill University ANSWER: a 49. Where was the first psychology course offered at a Canadian university in 1838? a. Saint Mary’s University b. Dalhousie University c. Western University d. McGill University ANSWER: b 50. What is the focus of applied psychology? a. pure science research b. unique qualities of people c. practical problems d. mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge ANSWER: c 51. Tracey is conducting research on children’s learning styles, and her research is used to help create new teaching activities in daycare centres. Which category would Tracey’s research fit into best? a. clinical psychology b. applied psychology c. behaviourism d. functionalism ANSWER: b 52. Which area of psychology is concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems and disorders? a. applied psychology b. clinical psychology c. medical psychology d. research psychology ANSWER: b 53. Which major historical event influenced the development of psychology as a profession? a. World War II b. the Cold War of the 1950s Name: Class: Date: Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 8 c. World War I d. the Great Depression of the 1930s ANSWER: a 54. What did many psychologists begin to specialize in after World War II? a. clinical psychology b. experimental psychology c. industrial psychology d. research psychology ANSWER: a 55. What is NOT one of the three areas of interest in positive psychology? a. the study of positive subjective experiences b. psychological treatment for depression and anxiety c. the study of positive individual traits d. positive institutions and communities ANSWER: b 56. Dr. LeBlanc became a psychologist in 1925. Which type of psychologists is Dr. LeBlanc most likely to be? a. a counselling psychologist b. an experimental psychologist c. an applied psychologist d. a clinical psychologist ANSWER: b 57. Which pair of terms reflects the observation that “psychology returned to its roots” in the latter part of the 20th century? a. cognitive perspective and humanism b. cognitive perspective and biological perspective c. biological perspective and humanism d. cultural perspective and biological perspective ANSWER: b 58. Which psychological perspective emerged in the 1950s and 1960s, and reflected a renewed interest in the study of the mind or consciousness? a. the mental perspective b. the philosophical perspective c. the biological perspective d. the cognitive perspective ANSWER: d 59. If you were to ask a cognitive psychologist about her current research, which of the following is most likely to be the topic? a. unconscious emotional conflicts b. problem solving c. the influence of hormones on behaviour d. common attitudes across cultures ANSWER: b 60. Which type of psychologist is most likely to study decision making, reasoning, problem solving, and language? a. an evolutionary psychologist b. a cognitive psychologist c. a behavioural psychologist d. a biological psychologist ANSWER: b Name: Class: Date: Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 9 61. Which psychological perspective emerged in the 1950s and 1960s and reflected a renewed interest in the study of the physiological bases of behaviour? a. the philosophical perspective b. the biological perspective c. the mental perspective d. the cognitive perspective ANSWER: b 62. Which psychological perspective is most likely to focus on the interrelations among the mind, body, and behaviour? a. the biological perspective b. the cognitive perspective c. the behavioural perspective d. the evolutionary perspective ANSWER: a 63. According to the biological perspective, what must psychologists focus on to fully understand behaviour? a. the interrelations among the mind, body, and behaviour b. internal mental events c. the adaptive value of a behaviour d. the role of the unconscious ANSWER: a 64. Which of the following is NOT an example of a positive subjective experience or emotion? a. gratitude b. pride c. hope d. happiness ANSWER: b 65. Imagine that you are a graduate student in Montreal in the 1940s. You work under the supervision of a very influential researcher who published The Organization of Behavior, which provided an integrative approach to psychology. Which of the following are you likely to be researching? a. history and systems of psychology b. child development c. brain mechanisms of behaviour d. memory and problem solving ANSWER: c 66. Which of the following represents a major focus of psychology in both the 19th century and now? a. the role of unconscious conflicts b. a focus on biological bases for behaviour c. identifying the smallest units of conscious experience d. striving for self-actualization ANSWER: b 67. Which term refers to the study of ethics in neuroscience? a. psychoneuroimmunology b. neurotheology c. neuroethics d. social justice ANSWER: c 68. What has become the most recent focus of attention for psychologists? a. unconscious mechanisms b. intelligence c. emotions d. culture Name: Class: Date: Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 10 ANSWER: d 69. What is a psychologist who focuses attention on cultural diversity least likely to do? a. document differences among varying cultures b. test the generality of earlier findings to other cultures c. document similarities among varying cultures d. identify deficiencies in other cultures ANSWER: d 70. According to a 2011 study by Statistics Canada, what percentage of Canadians were born outside of Canada? a. 6 percent b. 10 percent c. 15 percent d. 20 percent ANSWER: d 71. What do evolutionary psychologists focus on when they study behavioural processes? a. adaptive value of the behaviour b. influence on intelligence c. hormonal substrate d. cognitive correlates ANSWER: a 72. Which area of psychology is consistent with the following hypothesis: “We learn quickly about dangerous situations because we have inherited traits that keep us safe and increase the likelihood that we will survive to reproduce.” a. humanism b. cultural psychology c. biological psychology d. evolutionary psychology ANSWER: d 73. Dr Tanaka hypothesizes that men and women have subtle differences in cognition because historically men and women have had different roles and challenges. This led to different traits and abilities being adaptive for men and women. What type of psychologist is Dr. Tanaka? a. a behaviourist b. a cognitive psychologist c. a humanist d. an evolutionary psychologist ANSWER: d 74. Terry is interested in doing research on creativity. She really wants to be able to help people develop their creativity, so that they can improve their own lives. Which type of psychology is Terry interested in? a. educational psychology b. positive psychology c. functional psychology d. clinical psychology ANSWER: b 75. In promoting positive psychology, what did Seligman suggest had been the historical focus of the field of psychology? a. pathology, weakness, and damage b. genetic and physiological influences c. animal, child, and disordered behaviour d. behaviourism and psychoanalysis ANSWER: a 76. In addition to being a science, what is the other aspect of the field of psychology, according to your textbook’s definition? Name: Class: Date: Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 11 a. career b. profession c. philosophy d. art ANSWER: b 77. Which of the following is NOT included in your textbook’s definition of psychology? a. Psychology is a profession that solves practical problems. b. Psychology is a science. c. Psychology studies behaviour including physiological and cognitive processes. d. Psychology primarily studies the unconscious mind. ANSWER: d 78. Approximately what percentage of psychologists work in colleges and universities? a. 10 percent b. 30 percent c. 50 percent d. 70 percent ANSWER: b 79. What is NOT a major area of specialization in research psychology? a. industrial/organizational psychology b. social psychology c. personality psychology d. psychometrics ANSWER: a 80. What are currently the two largest areas of specialization in research-oriented psychology? a. clinical and counselling psychology b. developmental and clinical psychology c. social and counselling psychology d. developmental and social psychology ANSWER: d 81. Which type of psychologist is concerned with changes in behaviour throughout the life span? a. a social psychologist b. a developmental psychologist c. a personality psychologist d. a cognitive psychologist ANSWER: b 82. A newspaper article reported a study by a psychologist in which the attitudes of men and women toward traditional sex roles were studied. Which type of psychologist most likely conducted the study? a. a developmental psychologist b. a cognitive psychologist c. a social psychologist d. a counselling psychologist ANSWER: c 83. Which area of research specialization in psychology studies many of the traditional topics in psychology (such as sensation, learning, and motivation)? a. psychometrics b. experimental psychology c. cognitive psychology d. educational psychology ANSWER: b 84. What is NOT an example of a positive individual trait, such as a personal strength or virtue? a. kindness b. spatial skills and abilities Name: Class: Date: Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 12 c. moral integrity d. courage ANSWER: b 85. What would be most interesting to a psychologist who specializes in psychometrics? a. the development of techniques to monitor the functioning of the nervous system b. explaining development across the life span c. the development of psychological tests to measure intelligence or personality traits d. conducting psychotherapy in a clinical setting ANSWER: c 86. What is NOT a major area of specialization of professional psychology? a. industrial and organizational psychology b. counselling psychology c. school psychology d. personality psychology ANSWER: d 87. What is the largest specialization in professional psychology? a. counselling psychology b. industrial/organizational psychology c. clinical psychology d. developmental psychology ANSWER: c 88. Which specialization in applied psychology is primarily involved in the treatment of less severe problems of everyday life? a. social psychology b. counselling psychology c. cognitive psychology d. clinical psychology ANSWER: b 89. Which area of specialization in psychology is involved with the development of curricula and the training of teachers? a. school psychology b. experimental psychology c. industrial/organizational psychology d. educational psychology ANSWER: d 90. Which psychologists work in schools and primarily help individual children having difficulties in school, or aid parents and teachers in solving school-related problems? a. educational psychologists b. counselling psychologists c. school psychologists d. social psychologists ANSWER: c 91. As the result of a breakdown in communication, morale is low among employees in a local factory. Which type of psychologist would be most likely to be helpful in restoring communication and improving morale? a. a clinical psychologist b. a social psychologist c. an educational psychologist d. an industrial/organizational psychologist ANSWER: d 92. Which of the following professionals is a medical doctor? a. a physiological psychologist b. a clinical psychologist Name: Class: Date: Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 13 c. a psychiatrist d. a counselling psychologist ANSWER: c 93. Which of the following professionals could provide a prescription for antidepressant medication? a. a physiological psychologist b. a clinical psychologist c. a psychiatrist d. a counselling psychologist ANSWER: c 94. Your textbook describes seven unifying themes that provide continuity throughout psychology. What are the two primary divisions of those themes? a. psychology as a way of studying behaviour; the things that influence behaviour b. psychology as a science; psychology uses theories c. psychology as a science; psychology as a profession d. psychology studies behaviour; people are subjective ANSWER: a 95. Consider your textbook’s unifying theme that “psychology is empirical.” What does this theme imply that psychologists base their conclusions on? a. logical reasoning b. direct observations c. speculation d. common sense ANSWER: b 96. Which of the following premises means that knowledge should be acquired through observation? a. philosophy b. empiricism c. subjectivity d. introspection ANSWER: b 97. Which of your text’s unifying themes is emphasized by John Watson’s proposal that psychology should study only observable behaviours and not consciousness? a. Behaviour is influenced by multiple causes. b. Psychology should use theories. c. Psychology should be empirical. d. People’s experience of the world is highly subjective. ANSWER: c 98. What is a theory? a. the premise that knowledge should be acquired through logical reasoning b. a statement of fact that describes a set of observations c. the premise that knowledge should be acquired through observation d. a system of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations ANSWER: d 99. What does a scientist use to explain a set of observations? a. introspection b. a theory c. common sense d. empiricism Name: Class: Date: Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 14 ANSWER: b 100. What is implied by your textbook’s unifying theme that “psychology is theoretically diverse”? a. Psychology has not, as yet, focused on empirical observations. b. Psychology values all opinions and treats different views as equally valid. c. Psychology can only be described as a social science, rather than a pure science. d. There are often several ways to interpret a set of observations. ANSWER: d 101. While Sigmund Freud might explain an individual’s depression by focusing on the person’s unconscious thoughts, a physiological psychologist might focus instead on a chemical imbalance in the brain. Which of your textbook’s unifying themes is illustrated by this example? a. Heredity and environment jointly influence behaviour. b. Psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context. c. Psychology is empirical. d. Psychology is theoretically diverse. ANSWER: d 102. What is one of your text’s unifying themes related to psychology as a field of study? a. Heredity and environment jointly influence behaviour. b. Psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context. c. Behaviour is determined by multiple causes. d. People’s experience of the world is highly subjective. ANSWER: b 103. What is NOT one of the text’s unifying themes related to psychology as a field of study? a. Psychology is empirical. b. Heredity and environment jointly influence behaviour. c. Psychology is theoretically diverse. d. Psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context. ANSWER: b 104. What is implied by your text’s unifying theme that “psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context”? a. Knowledge should be acquired through observation. b. Dense interconnections exist between what happens in psychology and in society at large. c. Shared customs, beliefs, and values are transmitted socially across generations. d. There are often several ways to interpret a set of observations. ANSWER: b 105. Which statement best describes the unifying theme that “psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context”? a. Social trends and values have an impact on personal behaviour. b. Social trends and values have an impact on psychology. c. Psychology and society both influence each other. d. Psychological research and theories have an impact on society. Name: Class: Date: Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 15 ANSWER: c 106. During the last few decades, people have become more aware of the sexual abuse of children by adults, and psychologists have devoted more research attention to the long-term effects of childhood sexual abuse. These observations best reflect which unifying theme in psychology? a. People’s experience of the world is highly subjective. b. Psychology is theoretically diverse. c. Behaviour is determined by multiple causes. d. Psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context. ANSWER: d 107. Taken as a whole, your text’s review of the early schools of psychology best reflects which one unifying theme in psychology? a. Behaviour is shaped by cultural heritage. b. Heredity and environment jointly influence behaviour. c. Psychology is theoretically diverse. d. People’s experience of the world is highly subjective. ANSWER: c 108. Which statement is one of your text’s unifying themes related to the subject matter of psychology? a. Psychology is empirical. b. Psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context. c. Heredity and environment jointly influence behaviour. d. Psychology is theoretically diverse. ANSWER: c 109. Which statement is NOT one of your text’s unifying themes related to the subject matter of psychology? a. Psychology is theoretically consistent. b. Heredity and environment jointly influence behaviour. c. Behaviour is determined by multiple causes. d. People’s experience of the world is highly subjective. ANSWER: a 110. Which statement reflects psychology’s view of behaviour? a. It has an objective cause. b. It has a single cause. c. It has subjective causes. d. It has multiple causes. ANSWER: d 111. Your text’s two unifying themes of “our behaviour is shaped by our cultural heritage” and “heredity and environment jointly influence behaviour” both describe more specialized statements of which other theme? a. Psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context. b. Psychology is theoretically diverse. c. People’s experience of the world is highly subjective. d. Behaviour is determined by multiple causes. Name: Class: Date: Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 16 ANSWER: d 112. Which of the following includes the widely shared customs, beliefs, values, norms, institutions, and other products of a community that are transmitted socially across generations? a. cultural heritage b. legal heritage c. religious heritage d. sociohistorical heritage ANSWER: a 113. If you normally use a knife, fork, and spoon to eat dinner, what does that reflect? a. adaptation b. subjective thoughts concerning proper behaviour c. objective thoughts concerning proper behaviour d. cultural heritage ANSWER: d 114. Which phrase reflects your textbook’s unifying theme of “heredity and environment jointly influence behaviour”? a. man versus nature b. nature versus nurture c. parent versus child d. biology versus psychology ANSWER: b 115. When John Watson said, “Give me a dozen healthy infants ...,” what was he arguing that behaviour is strongly influenced by? a. environmental factors b. heredity factors c. cultural factors d. subjective factors ANSWER: a 116. Which of your textbook’s unifying themes is reflected in the fact that people sometimes see what they either “want to see” or “expect to see”? a. Heredity and environment jointly influence behaviour. b. People’s experience of the world is highly subjective. c. Behaviour is shaped by cultural heritage. d. People’s experience of the world is empirical. ANSWER: b 117. The unifying theme “people’s experience of the world is highly subjective” most directly impacts which other unifying theme? a. Psychology is empirical. b. Psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context. c. Behaviour is shaped by cultural heritage. d. Heredity and environment jointly influence behaviour. ANSWER: a 118. What is NOT good advice for developing sound study habits? a. Find a place to study where you can concentrate. b. Set up a schedule for studying. Name: Class: Date: Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 17 c. Reward yourself for studying. d. Avoid taking study breaks while studying. ANSWER: d 119. How would you describe cramming for an exam as a study strategy for most students? a. ineffective b. effective c. beneficial d. time efficient ANSWER: a 120. What is the best advice when faced with a major assignment such as a term paper? a. Set aside a large block of time (e.g., an entire weekend) to devote to the assignment. b. Break the assignment down into smaller components. c. Start the assignment with a clear idea of your conclusion in mind. d. Postpone beginning the assignment until shortly before the due date to incorporate information from the instructor’s lectures into the project. ANSWER: b 121. Which pioneering female psychologist did important work on children’s intelligence and was influential in debunking some of the theories which explained why women were “inferior” to men? a. Mary Ainsworth b. Leta Hollingworth c. Brenda Milner d. Karen Horney ANSWER: b 122. Who wrote the book Beyond Freedom and Dignity? a. Ivan Pavlov b. B F Skinner c. John Watson d. Sigmund Freud ANSWER: b 123. Which term describes the humanistic view of human nature? a. pessimistic b. optimistic c. deterministic d. predictable ANSWER: b 124. Based on empirical studies, which of the following students would you expect to have the poorest attendance during the semester? a. Tom, who earned an A? b. Sue, who earned a B c. Ashley, who earned a C+ d. Steve, who earned a D? ANSWER: d 125. What is good advice for getting more out of class lectures? a. Concentrate on writing down the definitions of terms. b. Read along in the text as the instructor is lecturing. c. Read the relevant pages in the text before the lecture. d. Avoid interrupting the instructor by asking questions. ANSWER: c Name: Class: Date: Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 18 126. What is NOT good advice for improving your test-taking ability? a. Don’t waste too much time pondering difficult-to-answer questions. b. Review the test if you have time left after completing the test. c. Check for hidden complexities in simple-looking questions. d. Make sure you use your time efficiently and have enough time to complete the test. ANSWER: c 127. What is good advice for taking multiple-choice exams? a. Remember that options that use broad generalizations such as “always, never, and must” tend to be correct. b. Remember to continue to read all options even after you find your anticipated answer. c. Remember that if “all of the above” is an option, it must be correct. d. Remember that options that use qualified statements such as “often, sometimes, and may” tend to be incorrect. ANSWER: b 128. Which questions should you answer first on an essay test? a. the ones that are worth the most points b. the ones that are listed first on the exam c. the ones that cover material that was most recently discussed in class d. the ones that you know best ANSWER: d 129. Which of the following is NOT part of critical thinking? a. working systematically toward a desired goal b. originally believing that the stated position on a topic is incorrect c. generating multiple solutions to problems d. using principles of likelihood when dealing with probabilistic events ANSWER: b 130. Which statement best describes the skills and attitudes involved in critical thinking? a. They naturally develop during early adulthood. b. They develop only in individuals trained in scientific disciplines. c. They need to be specifically taught to individuals. d. They naturally develop during adolescence. ANSWER: c 131. What is consistent with your textbook’s suggestions for improving academic performance by improving your reading, getting more out of lectures, and improving test-taking strategies? a. subjective thinking skills b. accepted thinking skills c. critical thinking skills d. objective thinking skills ANSWER: c 132. Which observation weakens the evolutionary explanation of gender differences in spatial abilities? a. There frequently was a sex-based division of labour in ancient hunting and gathering societies. Name: Class: Date: Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 19 b. Males are encouraged to engage in activities that provide more practice with spatial tasks. c. Males frequently perform slightly better than females on tasks involving mental rotation of images and navigation in space. d. Females perform slightly better than males on tasks involving memory for locations. ANSWER: b 133. What would you find if you were to compare and contrast the six contemporary theoretical perspectives in psychology described in your text? a. Psychoanalytic theory is the only approach that examines the role of thoughts and feelings. b. The earlier approaches (pre-1950s) are very similar to one another, whereas the later approaches are dramatically different from one another. c. The structuralist approach permeates all contemporary theoretical perspectives. d. The psychoanalytic, humanistic, and cognitive perspectives are very different from the others with regard to focus on the human species. ANSWER: d 134. When Alex trains raccoons to respond to symbols, with whom are his methods most consistent? a. Brenda Milner b. Donald Hebb c. B F Skinner d. William James ANSWER: c 135. Which type of psychologist would be least interested in Alex’s research? a. a cognitive psychologist b. a humanist c. a functionalist d. a behaviourist ANSWER: b 136. Which type of psychologist would be most interested in Alex’s research? a. a clinical psychologist b. a structuralist c. an evolutionary psychologist d. a humanist ANSWER: c 137. Which of your textbook’s themes is illustrated when Alex collects data to evaluate his ideas? a. Psychology is theoretically diverse. b. Psychology is empirical. c. Psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context. d. Behaviour is determined by multiple causes. ANSWER: b 138. When Alex trains his students, which skill is he emphasizing? a. critical thinking b. structuralism c. positive psychology d. statistical training ANSWER: a Name: Class: Date: Chapter 2 - The Research Enterprise in Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 1 1. What is the problem with an extraneous variable? a. It cannot be controlled for. b. It can cloud the situation and make it difficult to draw conclusions about how the independent variable affects the dependent variable. c. It cannot be measured. d. It depends on random sampling. ANSWER: b 2. Who worked at McGill University and made important contributions to our knowledge about the brain and memory processes by way of her work with the famous patient, Henry Molaison (HM)? a. Jane Goodall b. Brenda Milner c. Mary Ainsworth d. Mahzarin Banaji ANSWER: b 3. Which science goal is a researcher pursuing by studying child development in order to help teachers develop better teaching methods? a. measurement and description b. application and control c. understanding and prediction d. construction and revision ANSWER: b 4. Which science goal is a researcher pursuing by studying stress reactions in elderly people to determine risk factors for subsequent heart attacks and depression? a. construction and revision b. measurement and description c. understanding and prediction d. application and control ANSWER: c 5. Which science goal is a researcher pursuing by creating an operational definition of creativity? a. construction and revision b. application and control c. understanding and prediction d. measurement and description ANSWER: d 6. With which goal of science is scientists’ work most closely associated when they attempt to explain why something happened? a. application and control b. measurement and description c. construction and revision d. understanding and prediction ANSWER: d 7. Which science goal is reflected in psychologists’ hopes that their research will help to solve some practical problem? a. understanding and prediction b. measurement and description c. construction and revision d. application and control ANSWER: d 8. Which term refers to a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables? a. hypothesis b. research method c. cause d. theory Name: Class: Date: Chapter 2 - The Research Enterprise in Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 2 ANSWER: a 9. Mrs. Sanjay, an elementary school teacher, believes that girls are smarter than boys. She predicts that the girls in her class will learn more than the boys during the school year. At the end of the year, her prediction could be supported or rejected. What would we call her prediction? a. a fact b. a hypothesis c. an opinion d. a theory ANSWER: b 10. In terms of the scientific method, what are variables? a. factors that change unpredictably within a study b. measures of variability within a study c. measurable items that are controlled or observed in a study d. factors that are affected by experimental manipulation ANSWER: c 11. If Patrick hypothesizes that minor sleep deprivation will enhance his video-game playing skills, then what are the variables in his hypothesis? a. any factors, other than sleep deprivation, that affect his measurements b. sleep deprivation and video-game skills c. his scores on his favourite video games d. varying amounts of sleep deprivation ANSWER: b 12. What is a theory? a. a system of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations b. an objective description of behaviour c. the application of research to practical problems d. a statement about the relationship between two or more variables ANSWER: a 13. With which goal of science are scientific theories most directly associated? a. application and control b. understanding and prediction c. construction and revision d. measurement and description ANSWER: b 14. Dr. Tremblay is a clinical psychologist who notes that an unusually large number of depressed or anxious people tend to gain weight. She offers an explanation that the hormones associated with stress lead to changes in metabolism that cause weight gain. What is the term for her explanation? a. a variable b. an educated opinion c. a verifiable fact d. a theory ANSWER: d 15. Theresa is going to conduct a study as part of her honours thesis for her psychology degree. What will her first step be if she follows the steps associated with the scientific method? Name: Class: Date: Chapter 2 - The Research Enterprise in Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 3 a. develop a theory b. formulate a testable hypothesis c. select the research method and design the study d. collect the data ANSWER: b 16. In scientific investigations, a researcher must clearly outline the variables under study by precisely describing how they will be measured or controlled. What are these descriptions called? a. independent variables b. objective definitions c. operational definitions d. dependent variables ANSWER: c 17. Dr. McDougall is a researcher who measures blood alcohol level to determine intoxication. In this example, how is “blood alcohol level” being used? a. as a hypothetical variable b. as an independent variable c. as an operational definition d. as a covariant ANSWER: c 18. Theresa has decided to test whether listening to music while studying improves retention of the studied information. Now that she knows what she wants to test, what is the next step in the scientific method? a. selecting a research method and designing the study b. collecting the data c. formulating a testable hypothesis d. analyzing the data and drawing conclusions ANSWER: a 19. Psychologists use a variety of data collection techniques. Which of the following is well suited for studying attitudes? a. direct observations b. psychological tests c. physiological recordings d. Questionnaires ANSWER: d 20. Monica is conducting a study to determine whether there are IQ differences between people who go to private school and people who go to public school. Which data collection technique should she use? a. physiological recordings b. Questionnaires c. psychological tests d. direct observations ANSWER: c 21. Which statement does NOT accurately describe anecdotal evidence? a. It consists of personal stories about specific incidents and experiences. b. Researchers have found that anecdotal evidence accounts for less persuasive impact than sound factual and statistical evidence. c. People are easily tempted or swayed by this type of information. d. This type of evidence tends to be concrete, vivid and memorable. ANSWER: b Name: Class: Date: Chapter 2 - The Research Enterprise in Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 4 22. What defines psychology as a science? a. the use of statistics b. the commitment to answer questions by way of use of empirical methods c. the use of case studies d. the collection of data ANSWER: b 23. While researching the effects music listening has on study retention, Theresa has documented her own study habits and music listening and has tested herself weekly for retention. As she continues using the scientific method, what is her next step? a. analyzing the data and drawing conclusions b. selecting a research method and designing the study c. reporting the findings d. collecting the data ANSWER: a 24. Most typically, how do researchers report their findings? a. in a journal b. in a book c. by holding a press conference d. in a scientific magazine ANSWER: a 25. What are the two main advantages of the scientific approach? a. the use of common sense, and easy acceptance of the research findings of others b. the use of common sense, and intolerance of error c. clarity, and easy acceptance of the research findings of others d. precision, and intolerance of error ANSWER: d 26. With which major advantage of the scientific approach are operational definitions most closely associated? a. the common sense approach b. intolerance of error c. clarity and precision d. tolerance of error ANSWER: c 27. What are the two main types of research methods used in psychology? a. experimental and case study research methods b. descriptive/correlational and case study research methods c. descriptive and correlational research methods d. experimental and descriptive/correlational research methods ANSWER: d 28. What research method is being used if a researcher manipulates a variable under carefully controlled conditions and observes whether any changes occur in a second variable? a. correlational method b. descriptive method c. experimental method d. observational method Name: Class: Date: Chapter 2 - The Research Enterprise in Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 5 ANSWER: c 29. In the experimental method, the investigator manipulates a variable under carefully controlled conditions. What does the researcher do next? a. correlate the resulting behaviour b. survey participants to learn their assessment of the variable c. observe whether any changes occur in a second variable d. observe behaviour in its natural environment ANSWER: c 30. In experimental research, which variable is manipulated by the researcher so that its impact on another variable may be assessed? a. controlled variable b. independent variable c. extraneous variable d. dependent variable ANSWER: b 31. Theresa has conducted research on the effects listening to music has on study retention. In this case, what is “listening to music”? a. extraneous variable b. dependent variable c. independent variable d. controlled variable ANSWER: c 32. In experimental research, which variable is measured because it is thought to be affected by the manipulation of another variable? a. independent variable b. extraneous variable c. controlled variable d. dependent variable ANSWER: d 33. In experimental research, which variable is measured during data collection? a. dependent variable b. primary variable c. independent variable d. secondary variable ANSWER: a 34. If a researcher varies the loudness of music in a factory to observe its effect on the rate of productivity of the employees, what is the independent variable? a. loudness of music b. factory setting c. employees d. rate of productivity ANSWER: a 35. If a researcher varies the loudness of music in a factory to observe its effect on the rate of productivity of the employees, what is the dependent variable? a. loudness of music b. rate of productivity c. factory setting d. the employees ANSWER: b Name: Class: Date: Chapter 2 - The Research Enterprise in Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 6 36. Dr. Ostrofsky is investigating the effect of high room temperatures on aggressive behaviour in preschoolers. Half of the children are in a classroom where the temperature is 31°C (hot) and half are in a classroom where the temperature is 21°C degrees (normal). Dr. Ostrofsky measures the number of hitting incidents that occur in each classroom. In this study, what is the term for the temperature of the room? a. control group b. dependent variable c. independent variable d. experimental group ANSWER: c 37. Dr. Santiago is investigating the effect of warm room temperature on aggressive behaviour in preschoolers. Half of the children are in a classroom where the temperature is 31°C (hot) and half are in a classroom where the temperature is 21°C (normal). Dr. Santiago measures the number of hitting incidents that occur in each classroom. In this study, what is the term for the number of hitting incidents? a. control group b. experimental group c. independent variable d. dependent variable ANSWER: d 38. In experimental research, what happens to subjects in the experimental group? a. They do not receive the dependent variable. b. They receive some special treatment in regard to the independent variable. c. They do not receive some special treatment in regard to the independent variable. d. They receive the dependent variable. ANSWER: b 39. In experimental research, which subjects receive some special treatment in regard to the independent variable? a. those in the observational group b. those in the control group c. those in the experimental group d. those in the correlational group ANSWER: c 40. In experimental research, which subjects do NOT receive some special treatment in regard to the independent variable? a. those in the correlational group b. those in the observational group c. those in the control group d. those in the experimental group ANSWER: c 41. In a study that examines the effects of stress on memory, which group would NOT be put under stress? a. the experimental group b. the control group c. the independent group d. the dependent group ANSWER: b 42. In a study that examines the effects of stress on memory, which group would be put under stress? a. the experimental group b. the independent group c. the control group d. the dependent group ANSWER: a 43. In a study that examines the effects of a low-fat diet on mood, which group would receive a low-fat diet? a. the experimental group b. the independent group Name: Class: Date: Chapter 2 - The Research Enterprise in Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 7 c. the dependent group d. the control group ANSWER: a 44. In a study that examines the effects of a low-fat diet on mood, which group would receive a normal diet? a. the experimental group b. the independent group c. the control group d. the dependent group ANSWER: c 45. What conditions differ between the experimental and control groups? a. nothing; conditions are perfectly controlled between the two groups b. only the dependent variable c. only the independent variable d. both the dependent and independent variables ANSWER: c 46. Dr. Engelhart is investigating the effect of high room temperature on aggressive behaviour in preschoolers. Half of the children are in a classroom where the temperature is 31°C (hot) and half are in a classroom where the temperature is 21°C (normal). Dr. Engelhart measures the number of hitting incidents that occur in each classroom. In this study, which group is in the hot classroom? a. the control group b. the experimental group c. the independent group d. the dependent group ANSWER: b 47. Dr. Wawanosh is investigating the effect of high room temperature on aggressive behaviour in preschoolers. Half of the children are in a classroom where the temperature is 31°C (hot) and half are in a classroom where the temperature is 21°C (normal). Dr. Wawanosh measures the number of hitting incidents that occur in each classroom. In this study, which group is in the classroom with the normal temperature? a. the control group b. the independent group c. the dependent group d. the experimental group ANSWER: a 48. Dr. Ishtar is investigating the effect of music on the productivity of employees in a factory. Half of the employees listen to music while working and half do not listen to music. Dr. Ishtar measures the productivity of each employee. In this study, which group listens to music? a. the experimental group b. the independent group c. the dependent group d. the control group ANSWER: a 49. Dr. O’Hara is investigating the effect of music on the productivity of employees in a factory. Half of the employees listen to music while working and half do not listen to music. Dr. O’Hara measures the productivity of each employee. In this study, which group does NOT listen to music? a. the experimental group b. the dependent group c. the control group d. the independent group ANSWER: c 50. Which term refers to variables, other than the independent variable, that seem likely to influence the behaviour of Name: Class: Date: Chapter 2 - The Research Enterprise in Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 8 subjects in a study? a. dependent variables b. control variables c. extraneous variables d. random variables ANSWER: c 51. A researcher tries to make sure that subjects in the experimental and control groups are very similar to each other. This is done in order to reduce the effects of which type of variables? a. independent variables b. random variables c. dependent variables d. extraneous variables ANSWER: d 52. As part of a study examining the role of different teaching methods on children’s math abilities, Dr. Garneau tested the children using a standardized math test. In Year 1, the standard teaching method was used. In Year 2, a new teaching method was used. In Year 1, the test was administered in October, near the beginning of the school year. In Year 2, the test was administered in May, near the end of the school year. Although Dr. Garneau’s results suggest that children in Year 2 demonstrated more math skills than children in Year 1, why are Dr. Garneau’s results not very useful? a. There was no control group. b. Results due to teaching method are confounded by the time of year the children were tested. c. Children in Year 2 had the benefit of a different teaching method, so you can’t compare them to children in Year 1. d. Different children were used in each group, and this is a confound. ANSWER: b 53. What procedure would you use to ensure that experimental and control groups will be similar in most ways? a. Allow the control group to be larger than the experimental group. b. Extensive interviewing and checklists allow you to document all potential differences. c. Operational definitions of similarity must be created. d. Random assignment allows groups to be fairly similar. ANSWER: d 54. What is NOT a typical variation of the experimental method? a. using an experimental group only and no control group b. manipulating more than one independent variable c. using one group of subjects who serve as both the experimental group and as their own control d. measuring more than one dependent variable ANSWER: a 55. Tamara is conducting a study using two independent variables (music and lighting) and one dependent variable (blood pressure). Which effect can she look for when she analyzes her data? a. effects of blood pressure on perception of music and lighting b. effects of lighting on perception of music c. interactive effects of music and lighting on blood pressure d. interactive effects of blood pressure on perception of music and lighting ANSWER: c Name: Class: Date: Chapter 2 - The Research Enterprise in Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 9 56. Pamela is conducting a study examining test scores before and after memory training, and she will compare the results for men to results for women. What do we call the comparison of men’s and women’s results? a. correlation effects b. between-subjects design c. interaction effects d. within-subjects design ANSWER: b 57. Pamela is conducting a study examining test scores before and after memory training, and she will compare the results for men to results for women. What do we call the comparison of results before training to results after training? a. within-subjects design b. correlation effects c. between-subjects design d. interaction effects ANSWER: a 58. Which research method allows you to draw conclusions concerning cause-and-effect relationships? a. experimental method b. correlational method c. survey method d. descriptive method ANSWER: a 59. Compared to the other scientific research methods, what is the principal advantage of the experimental method? a. It allows for a description of behaviour. b. It permits conclusions about cause-and-effect relationships. c. It observes behaviour in its natural setting. d. It can easily be used to study all research questions. ANSWER: b 60. What is one disadvantage or limitation of the experimental research method? a. It frequently takes place under artificial circumstances. b. The researcher has little control over the situation. c. It does not allow for conclusions concerning cause-and-effect relationships. d. It does not allow for a description of behaviour. ANSWER: a 61. What is one disadvantage or limitation of the experimental research method? a. The researcher has little control over the situation. b. It does not allow for a description of behaviour. c. It does not allow for conclusions concerning cause-and-effect relationships. d. For practical or ethical reasons it cannot be used to study some research questions. ANSWER: d 62. Which research method would likely be chosen when it is impractical to manipulate the variables of interest? a. an experimental method b. a common-sense method c. the logical method d. a descriptive/correlational method ANSWER: d 63. What do descriptive and correlational research methods allow researchers to do? a. exert precise control over the variables being studied Name: Class: Date: Chapter 2 - The Research Enterprise in Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 10 b. draw conclusions concerning cause-and-effect relationships c. manipulate several variables at the same time d. examine whether there is an association between variables being studied ANSWER: d 64. What do naturalistic observations, case studies, and surveys all have in common? a. They involve manipulating the variables of interest in the study. b. They show cause-and-effect relationships. c. They take place in an artificial setting. d. They involve describing behaviour. ANSWER: d 65. In which research method does a researcher engage in careful recording of behaviour without intervening directly with the subjects? a. case study method b. survey method c. naturalistic observation method d. correlation method ANSWER: c 66. What does the researcher do when using the naturalistic observation method? a. conduct an in-depth investigation of an individual subject b. engage in careful surveillance of behaviour without intervening directly with subjects c. manipulate a variable under carefully controlled conditions d. use questionnaires or interviews to gather information about specific aspects of participants’ behaviour ANSWER: b 67. A researcher sits on a park bench and records the number of joggers who are wearing headphones. Which research method is being employed by the researcher? a. naturalistic observation b. experimental method c. survey method d. case study method ANSWER: a 68. In which research method does a researcher conduct an in-depth investigation of an individual subject? a. case study method b. survey method c. naturalistic observation method d. correlational method ANSWER: a 69. What does the researcher do when using the case study method? a. manipulate a variable under carefully controlled conditions b. use questionnaires or interviews to gather information about specific aspects of participants’ behaviour c. conduct an in-depth investigation of an individual subject d. engage in careful observation of behaviour without intervening directly with subjects ANSWER: c 70. If Dr. Conrad is interested in an in-depth study concerning the long-term consequences of serious injury on the psychological adjustment of a patient and his family, then which of the following research methods would Dr. Conrad be Name: Class: Date: Chapter 2 - The Research Enterprise in Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 11 most likely to use? a. case study method b. experimental method c. naturalistic observation method d. survey method ANSWER: a 71. For which method might a researcher employ a number of techniques such as interviews, direct observations, and psychological testing? a. a survey b. naturalistic observation c. a correlation d. a case study ANSWER: d 72. In which research method does a researcher use questionnaires or interviews to gather information about specific aspects of behaviour in a sample of participants? a. naturalistic observation method b. survey method c. case study method d. correlation method ANSWER: b 73. What does a researcher do when using the survey method? a. conduct an in-depth investigation of an individual subject b. manipulate a variable under carefully controlled conditions c. use questionnaires or interviews to gather information about participants’ behaviour d. engage in careful observation of behaviour without intervening directly with subjects ANSWER: c 74. If researchers were interested in studying common attitudes toward “animal rights issues,” which of the following would they be most likely to use? a. a case study b. a correlation c. a survey d. a naturalistic observation ANSWER: c 75. What is the principal advantage of descriptive/correlational research methods? a. They allow the researcher a high level of control over the variables of interest. b. They can examine research questions that because of practical and ethical reasons cannot be studied with other methods. c. They permit conclusions concerning cause-and-effect relationships. d. They often observe behaviour in artificial situations. ANSWER: b 76. Dr. Rosenfeld plans to study the relationship between people’s smoking behaviour and their tendency to have minor physical illnesses (such as colds or the flu). Why might she be most likely to choose correlational research for this study? a. Correlational studies allow the researcher to draw strong cause-and-effect conclusions. b. The university does not allow smoking in the psychology building. c. It is not practical or ethical to mani