TOPIC 2 – LEAGUE OF NATIONS
, SUMMER 2021
0470_s21_qp_11 2021 SUMMER Paper 1 Variant 1 https://papers.gceguide.com/Cambridge%20IGCSE/History%20(0470)/2021/0470_s21_qp_11.pdf
https://papers.gceguide.com/Cambridge%20IGCSE/History%20(0470)/2021/0470_s21_ms_11.pdf
5 The League of Nations was more effective in the 1920s than in the 1930s.
(a) Describe the work of the League of Nations in the areas of health and refugees. [4]
(b) Why did the League of Nations have some success in dealing with international disputes in the 1920s? [6]
(c) ‘Britain and France were justified in not supporting strong action by the League against Italy over its actions in Abyssinia.’ How far do
you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
P E/E/L
JUSTIFIED – WANTED • 1936 → Rhineland demilitarised
ITALY AS AN ALLY, • France saw that Germany was powerful – desperate to have Italy as an ally
GERMANY WAS •
BECOMING POWERFUL
JUSTIFIED – ECONOMIC • no coal sanctions because 30,000 coal miners would be displaced in Britain
EFFECTS • expressd self interest
• economy damaged because of depression
NOT JUSTIFIED – THE • League’s covenant included discouraging aggressors
LEAGUE’S COVENANT • Hoare-Laval pact → 2/3 of Abyssinia given to Italy?
• Undermined League’s covenant
• League loses credibility
NOT JUSTIFIED – COULD • Tin, lead, rubber – imports/exports banned to Italy
HAVE DONE MORE • WEAK SANCTIONS
• Suez not closed
• Clearly did not care to take enough action
, 0470_s21_qp_12 2021 SUMMER Paper 1 Variant 2 https://papers.gceguide.com/Cambridge%20IGCSE/History%20(0470)/2021/0470_s21_qp_12.pdf
https://papers.gceguide.com/Cambridge%20IGCSE/History%20(0470)/2021/0470_s21_ms_12.pdf
5 The League of Nations failed to live up to expectations.
(a) Describe how the Assembly and the Council of the League were meant to work. [4]
(b) Why was the League’s failure over Corfu important? [6]
(c) ‘The League’s lack of an army explains its failure in the 1930s.’ How far do you agree with this statement?
Explain your answer. [10]
P E/E/L
YES – DIFFICULT TO • None of the nations wanted to send their armies to Abyssinia
REINFORCE COVENANT - • Sanctions imposed → Ignored
Abyssinia • If an army was sent to Abyssinia, military force could have stopped Mussolini
• Sanctions were ignored because the USA was Italy’s main trading partner
YES - Manchuria • B+F Too self interested to impose sanctions
• Navy would be expensive to send
• Manchurian crisis could have been stopped
•
NO – TOO SLOW TO ACT • Manchurian Crisis 1932
• Lytton Report commissioned by Lytton Commission took almost a year to complete, only for it to simply state that Japan
invaded Manchuria
• Following the results of the Lytton report, Japan left the League
• Inspired Hitler and Mussolini
• Led to lack of membership, depriving the League of another superpower.
NO – LACK OF • From the very beginning, the League lacked major superpowers as members.
MEMBERSHIP • They lacked: The USA (Even though Wilson proposed the idea of the League), Germany (but they joined 1926), and the USSR
(due to political beliefs – the Russians were communists).
• USA → Congress did not support the idea + voted against it, depriving the League of the most powerful country in the world
• Lack of membership from USA → more difficult to impose sanctions.
• Abyssinian Crisis 1935 → League did not impose harsh sanctions on Italy because they would be ineffective since the USA
was not part of the League.
• Made it more difficult to punish aggressors.
NO – GREAT • Made nations more self-interested
DEPRESSION = SELF • Instead of invading other countries, Britain and France focused on their own nations
INTEREST • Abyssinian Crisis 1935 → coal sanctions not imposed
, SUMMER 2021
0470_s21_qp_11 2021 SUMMER Paper 1 Variant 1 https://papers.gceguide.com/Cambridge%20IGCSE/History%20(0470)/2021/0470_s21_qp_11.pdf
https://papers.gceguide.com/Cambridge%20IGCSE/History%20(0470)/2021/0470_s21_ms_11.pdf
5 The League of Nations was more effective in the 1920s than in the 1930s.
(a) Describe the work of the League of Nations in the areas of health and refugees. [4]
(b) Why did the League of Nations have some success in dealing with international disputes in the 1920s? [6]
(c) ‘Britain and France were justified in not supporting strong action by the League against Italy over its actions in Abyssinia.’ How far do
you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
P E/E/L
JUSTIFIED – WANTED • 1936 → Rhineland demilitarised
ITALY AS AN ALLY, • France saw that Germany was powerful – desperate to have Italy as an ally
GERMANY WAS •
BECOMING POWERFUL
JUSTIFIED – ECONOMIC • no coal sanctions because 30,000 coal miners would be displaced in Britain
EFFECTS • expressd self interest
• economy damaged because of depression
NOT JUSTIFIED – THE • League’s covenant included discouraging aggressors
LEAGUE’S COVENANT • Hoare-Laval pact → 2/3 of Abyssinia given to Italy?
• Undermined League’s covenant
• League loses credibility
NOT JUSTIFIED – COULD • Tin, lead, rubber – imports/exports banned to Italy
HAVE DONE MORE • WEAK SANCTIONS
• Suez not closed
• Clearly did not care to take enough action
, 0470_s21_qp_12 2021 SUMMER Paper 1 Variant 2 https://papers.gceguide.com/Cambridge%20IGCSE/History%20(0470)/2021/0470_s21_qp_12.pdf
https://papers.gceguide.com/Cambridge%20IGCSE/History%20(0470)/2021/0470_s21_ms_12.pdf
5 The League of Nations failed to live up to expectations.
(a) Describe how the Assembly and the Council of the League were meant to work. [4]
(b) Why was the League’s failure over Corfu important? [6]
(c) ‘The League’s lack of an army explains its failure in the 1930s.’ How far do you agree with this statement?
Explain your answer. [10]
P E/E/L
YES – DIFFICULT TO • None of the nations wanted to send their armies to Abyssinia
REINFORCE COVENANT - • Sanctions imposed → Ignored
Abyssinia • If an army was sent to Abyssinia, military force could have stopped Mussolini
• Sanctions were ignored because the USA was Italy’s main trading partner
YES - Manchuria • B+F Too self interested to impose sanctions
• Navy would be expensive to send
• Manchurian crisis could have been stopped
•
NO – TOO SLOW TO ACT • Manchurian Crisis 1932
• Lytton Report commissioned by Lytton Commission took almost a year to complete, only for it to simply state that Japan
invaded Manchuria
• Following the results of the Lytton report, Japan left the League
• Inspired Hitler and Mussolini
• Led to lack of membership, depriving the League of another superpower.
NO – LACK OF • From the very beginning, the League lacked major superpowers as members.
MEMBERSHIP • They lacked: The USA (Even though Wilson proposed the idea of the League), Germany (but they joined 1926), and the USSR
(due to political beliefs – the Russians were communists).
• USA → Congress did not support the idea + voted against it, depriving the League of the most powerful country in the world
• Lack of membership from USA → more difficult to impose sanctions.
• Abyssinian Crisis 1935 → League did not impose harsh sanctions on Italy because they would be ineffective since the USA
was not part of the League.
• Made it more difficult to punish aggressors.
NO – GREAT • Made nations more self-interested
DEPRESSION = SELF • Instead of invading other countries, Britain and France focused on their own nations
INTEREST • Abyssinian Crisis 1935 → coal sanctions not imposed
