Genetics Module 2: Biology to Genetics Inheritance Exam With Questions and Answers 100% Solved

Genetics Module 2: Biology to Genetics Inheritance Exam With Questions and Answers 100% Solved How do members of a gene pair segregate in gamete formation (Meiosis)? Equally into sperm and egg (Mendel's first law) What is the difference in location between meiosis and mitosis? Meiosis occurs in reproductive cells Mitosis occurs in somatic cells How many cells does meiosis produce? 4 haploids How many cells does mitosis produce? 2 diploids What are the key stages of Mitosis? Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase What happens during interphase of mitosis? DNA prepares to copy What happens during prophase in mitosis? DNA copies What happens during metaphase in mitosis? Copied DNA lines up on one plane What happens during anaphase in mitosis DNA copies (sister chromatids) are pulled apart to either end of the cell What happens during telophase in mitosis? Cell buds and begins to become 2 distinct cells What are some steps in meiosis that are not present in mitosis? Pairing: Homologs combine into a synapsis and prepare to be pulled apart What is a Dyad? Replicated sister chromosomes held together What is a synapsis in meiosis? Paring of homologous chromosomes What is the Synaptonemal complex? Molecules that hold together the synapsis What is a bivalent? includes the entire tetrad complex and its associations What is a tetrad? Two dyad's next to each other in a synapse Which parts of DNA separate in anaphase 1 of meiosis? Homologous chromosomes; NOT sister chromatids How many stages of Meiosis are there? 2 general; 9 total How much of a gene needs to change to denote a mutation of a gene or trait? Only one point/nucleotide How can you use restriction enzyme sites to detect a mutation? Mutations can produce more sites on DNA for restriction enzyme cutting, resulting in more and different pieces of DNA detected in Southern Blotting How does forward discovery genetics work with mutations? 1) Start with a mutant phenotype 2) Cross mutant with wild-type or homozygous recessive version (aa) 3) observe segregation of phenotypes in progeny What symbol usually denotes wild type? + When are recessive mutations expressed? When two copies are present (homozygous) When are dominant mutations expressed? When at least one copy is present What are recessive mutations represented by? Lower case letters or words What are dominant mutations represented by? Uppercase letters or words How do you know if you are dealing with single-gene inheritance of a gene? *single-gene inheritance refers to like Mendel peas crossing peas (yellow or green) You will either observe phenotypic ratios in progeny; Cross parents of known genotypes What is a test cross? Taking an unknown genotype organism and crossing it with either a homozygous recessive trait What are some common ratios you will observe in single gene inheritance? 1:1 3:1 What does it mean if a known single-gene-genetics trait does not match the ratios expected in the offspring? There is chance in this world; There could also be environmental factors What are autosome chromosomes?