NR293/ NR 293 Exam 1 solution guide 2022 Distinction level approved.

NR293/ NR 293 Exam 1 solution guide 2022 Distinction level approved. What happens during absorption? movement of drug from site of administration into bloodstream for distribution to the tissues What happens during distribution? transport of a drug by the bloodstream to its site of action What happens during metabolism/biotrasnformation? biochemical alteration of a drug in the liver into inactive or active metabolite: occurs after distribution What happens during excretion? the body eliminates the drug from the body using the renal system/Kidneys Why can't extended release or enteric coated oral medications be crushed? They could cause accelerated release of the drug from the dosage form and cause possible toxicity How can you help a client who has swallowing difficulties take their oral medications? You can crush a tablet or open a capsule. Capsules, powder, or liquid contents can often be added to soft foods such as applesauce or pudding and can be dissolved in a beverage What is first-pass effect? a drug that is absorbed from the intestine that must first pass through the liver before reaching systemic circulation What are 3 first-pass routes? oral, nasogastric tube, PEG tube Enteral routes FASTEST to SLOWEST Buccal/Sublingual Liquids, elixirs, & syrup Tablet Enteric coated tablet Parenteral routes from FASTEST to SLOWEST Intravenous Intramuscular Subcutaneous What is an agonist? a drug that binds to and stimulates the activity of one or more receptors in the body What is an antagonist? a drug that binds to and inhibits the activity of one or more receptors in the body` Define prototype drug first form of a drug in a class Define drug nomenclature refers to a drug's name Define drug classification class name of a drug Define pharmacotherapeutics clinical use of drugs to prevent and treat diseases Define pharmcodynamics the study of what the DRUG does to the BODY Define onset of action time required for a drug to elicit a therapeutic response after dosing Define peak level maximum concentration of a drug in the body Define duration length of time the concentration of a drug in the blood/tissues is able to elicit a response Define pharmacokinetics the study of what the BODY does to the DRUG Define therapeutic level desired or intended effect of a particular medication Define trough level lowest concentration of medication within the body after it is reduced from the peak level What does hepatic metabolism involve the activity of? the enzyme P-450 Define enzyme the substance that catalyze nearly every biochemical reaction in a cell Define receptor reactive site on the surface or inside of the cell Define acute therapy implemented in the acutely ill Define maintenance therapy used for the treatment of chronic illnesses such as hypertension Define supplemental therapy supplies the body with a substance needed to maintain normal function Define palliative therapy makes the patient as comfortable as possible Define supportive therapy maintain integrity of body functions while the patient recovers from trauma or illness Define prophylactic therapy therapy provided to prevent illness Define monitoring evaluate the clinical response of the patient to the treatment Define therapeutic index the ration of a drug's toxic level to the level that provides therapeutic benefits Define drug concentration drug reaching a certain concentration in the blood Define tolerance a decreasing response to repeated drug doses Define dependence physiological or psychological need for a drug Define drug interaction alteration of the action of one drug by another Define contraindication any patient condition that makes the use of a drug dangerous for a patient Define idiosyncratic an abnormal or unexpected response to a medication exhibited by a specific individual Define synergistic combination of two or more medications's effects is more that the sum of each medication alone Define additive affects when two drugs with similar actions are given together, they can have additive effects (1 + 1 = 2) Define synergistic effects when two drugs administered together interact in such a way that their combined effects are greater than the sum of the effects for each drug given alone (1 + 1 = greater than 2) Define antagonistic effects when the combination of two drugs results in drug effects that are less than the sum of the effects for each drug given separately (1 + 1 = less than 2) Define incompatibility when two PARENTERAL drugs or solutions are mixed together and the result is a chemical deterioration of one or both of the drugs or the formation of a physical precipitate What are common adverse effects with all antibiotics N/V/D Superinfections Allergic reactions Photosensitivity Interference with oral contraceptives Examples of superinfection thrush, yeast vaginitis, or clostriduim difficile Examples of allergic reaction hives, anaphylaxis, angioedema, steven's-johnson syndrome What are common teaching points for clients prescribed antiobiotics use back-up birth control avoid sun and tanning beds report rash or signs of allergic reaction increases fluid intake to 2-3 L/day complete entire course contact provider for adverse effects no OTC meds or herbals w/o consultation yogurt, kefir, buttermilk can help avoid GI upset/diarrhea Antibiotic drug classes sulfonamides beta-lactam macrolides