BIOD 121 Portage module 4 Latest 2024 100% Pass

BIOD 121 Portage module 4 Latest 2024 100% Pass essential vitamins 13 vitamins that animal cells need but can't synthesize found in both plant and animal sources vitamins produced by the body vitamin K and biotin (gut flora) vitamin D (skin) vitamin A (from beta carotene) niacin (tryptophan) two criteria for vitamins 1. must be consumed in the diet to maintain health. 2. symptoms of deficiency occur in its absence enrichment adding nutrients back that have been lost to processing fortification adding nutrient not naturally present in a food Fat soluble vitamins Vitamins A, D, E, K stored in liver and adipose tissue excess consumption could lead to toxic levels two forms of vitamin a 1. Preformed Vitamin A (retinol/retinal), found in foods and animal products: liver, fish, fish oils, fortified milk, yogurt, and eggs 2. Provitamin A or Carotene, the pigment in yellow, orange, and deep green fruits or vegetables vitamin A functions Vision skin and epithelial health growth, development, reproduction disease prevention two forms of vitamin D D2 (ergocalciferol, synthetic) and D3 (cholecalciferol) produced skin > liver > kidney fatty fish, fortified cereal, eggs, butter, fortified milk, and yogurt vitamin D functions regulation of calcium levels and bone metabolism immune system, skin development, muscle health, and blood pressure control vitamin A deficiency Night blindness, xeropthalmia, dry skin, growth failure toxicity > 3000mcg/day increased hip fracture, liver toxicity, and fetal malformations vitamin D deficiency rickets, osteomalacia increased risk of infections, cancers, autoimmune disease, and cardiovascular disease vitamin E function antioxidant that protects erythrocytes and membranes from damage in the body (alpha-tocopherol) or in plants (gamma-tocopherol) oils, cereals, eggs, margarines, whole grains, and nuts. vitamin E deficiency Rare, can occur if fat malabsorption is present cellular breakdown and hemolysis toxicity > 1000mg/day may interfere with blood clotting action of Vitamin K vitamin K function blood clotting, bone formation oils, plants, fish and meats, green leafy vegetables, green beans, soybean and canola oils, and liver synthesize small amts in GI tracts (except infants) 80mcg deficiency and toxicity both rare water soluble vitamins B vitamins and vitamin C likelihood of toxicity is minimal unless consumed in extremely large quantities (supplements) B vitamins coenzymes involved in converting the energy in carbohydrate, fat, and protein into ATP thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin, vitamin B-6, folate, and vitamin B-12 bioavailability amount of a vitamin that is absorbed and available to the body thiamin (B1) coenzyme for carbohydrates,