BIOD 121 Portage module 3 latest version graded A+

BIOD 121 Portage module 3 latest version graded A+ positive energy balance more calories consumed than expended negative energy balance fewer calories consumed than expended hyperplasia increase in number of cells (e.g., fat cells in childhood, pregnancy) hypertrophy increase in cell size (low growth and maintenance, such as throughout adulthood) basal metabolic rate the number of calories used by the body while in a fasting state accounts for approximately 60-70% of energy expenditure males 1kcal/kg/hr, femals 0.9kcal/kg/hr BMR Effectors gender, lean body mass, body size, temperature, age, nervous system activity, levels of caffeine intake, and tobacco use age and BMR declines by 1-2% per decade Thermic effect of food (TEF) energy used for digestion and absorption of food and accounts for approximately 10% of the calories expended Thermogenesis ability to regulate body temperature and activities such as fidgeting, maintaining body posture, and shivering small expenditure brown fat found in infants below the collar bone metabolizes the energy yielding nutrients, which results in heat production to be used by the body more brown fat in lean adults physical activity 15-40% of energy expenditure direct calorimetry measures the amount of heat given off by the body insulated chamber surrounded by a thin layer of water is used to measure the amount of heat emitted by the subject in the chamber indirect calorimetry uses oxygen intake and carbon dioxide output, along with scientific formulas, to measure energy expended Male BMR formula 66 + (6.23 x weight in pounds) + (12.7 x height in inches) - (6.8 x age) Female BMR formula 655 + (4.35 x weight in pounds) + (4.7 x height in inches) - (4.7 x age) Physical activity estimate 1.2 = little to no exercise 1.375 = light exercise 1-3 days per week 1.55 = moderate exercise 3-5 days per week 1.725 = hard exercise 6-7 days per week 1.9 = hard daily exercise/job Male EER 662 - (9.53 x AGE) + PA x (15.91 x WT + 539.6 x HT) Female EER 354 - (6.91 x AGE) + PA x (9.36 x WT + 726 x HT) height-to-weight tables used in an attempt to link longevity to a person's weight as based on their height used for the general population but did not take into account individual differences "healthy weight" preferred term (over ideal/desirable) BMI improved measure of body fat relative to one's height and weight weight (kg) / height2 (meters) not accurate for children, teens, pregnant or breast-feeding moms, short statute adults, very muscular individuals, and the elderly desired body fat male: 8-24% female: 21-35% body fat content measurement underwater weighing bioelectrical impedance dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) Anthropometrics (e.g. caliper) android obesity "apple" excess body fat that is placed predominantly within the abdomen and upper body, as opposed to the hips and thighs -linked to high blood testosterone levels and an increased risk of diabetes and hypertension -Alcohol consumption, smoking, and a diet with a high glycemic load also contribute to this form of obesity gynoid obesity "pear" obesity pattern seen in people who store fat primarily around the hips and thighs waist circumference male >40, female >35