BIOD 121 (Portage) Module 4 Already Passed

BIOD 121 (Portage) Module 4 Already Passed Vitamins Organic compounds required in small amounts that regulate and support body processes Essential vitamins Found in both plant and animal sources, and the majority cannot be synthesized. Enrichment Adding lost nutrients, from milling and processing, back into the final product. Fortification Supplementing a product with additional vitamins not normally found in the product Fat-soluble Dependent on dietary fat for absorption; stored in adipose tissue and liver. Xeropthalmia Abnormal dryness due to a vitamin A deficiency Retinal Helps the eyes adjust from bright to dim light. Antioxidant Inhibits oxidation via stopping substances (oxidants) from causing damage to cells. Vitamin D Vitamin and a hormone that regulates calcium levels and bone metabolism. Rickets Poor mineralization of bone due to inadequate calcium deposits. Characterized by bowed legs. Osteomalcia Inadequate calcium absorption and deposition in the bones of adults which leads to soft bones Osteoporosis With age, bone mass decreases, bones thin and become porous. Vitamin E Antioxidant, protecting cell membranes from free radicals. Tocopherol Chemical name of Vitamin E Free radicals Alter a cell's DNA, damage cell membranes, and increase the risk for cancer. Vitamin K Involved in the process of coagulation (blood clotting) Water-soluble vitamins Absorbed into the blood stream and easily dissolve in water. Coenzymes Small molecules that bind to inactive enzymes and, once bound, cause the enzyme to become active. Bioavailability The amount of a vitamin that is absorbed and available to the body. (high=50-90%) Thiamin (B1) Works with enzymes to promote metabolism of glucose. (converts carbs to energy) Beriberi: Thiamin-deficiency disease; loss of sensation in the hands and feet, muscular weakness, advancing paralysis, and abnormal heart action Riboflavin (B2): Antioxidant necessary for vitamin and mineral metabolism, and used during energy metabolism (requires oxygen). Ariboflavinosis Riboflavin deficiency (rare) glossitis- inflammation of tongue cheilosis- cracks around mouth sun sensitivity confusion Niacin (B3) Nicotinic acid or Nicotinamide. Releases energy from carbohydrates, protein, and fats. Can be made from tryptophan. Pellagra Niacin deficiency. Means "rough skin". 4Ds: dementia, diarrhea, dermatitis, & death. Pantothenic acid Component of coenzyme A (CoA). Helps convert fatty acids into energy