BIOD 121 (Portage): Module 3 Latest Version Graded A+

BIOD 121 (Portage): Module 3 Latest Version Graded A+ Energy balance a state when one's energy intake is equivalent to the amount of energy expended Energy in equals energy out (calories consumed is burned through basic body functions + exercise energy balance positive energy balance occurs if more calories (energy) are consumed than expended examples of periods in life when you need to be in a positive energy balance state: pregnancy, childhood, and adolescence in growth spurts 1 pound in a week is equivalent to : 500 extra calories a day Hyperplasia an increase in the number of fat cells often occurring during periods of growth, such as adolescence or pregnancy Hypertrophy an increase in the size of fat cells, most often seen in periods of low growth and maintenance, such as throughout adulthood Negative energy balance occurs if fewer calories are consumed than calories expended Examples of negative energy balance situations: during illness or trauma, major burn injury, intentional act such as dieting to meet a weight loss goal Our sole source of energy intake is from: food and beverages Energy can be expended naturally via _____________ , _____________, and _________________ basal metabolism, the thermic effect of food, and thermogenesis Energy can be expended intentionally through _______________ physical activity (aka exercise) Two major components of energy expenditure are: basal metabolic rate and physical activity Basal metabolic rate (BMR) the number of calories used by the body while in a fasting state and accounts for approximately 60-70% of energy expenditure BMR varies by person based on factors such as: gender, lean body mass, body size, temperature, age, nervous system activities, levels of caffeine intake, and tobacco use BMR males: 1 kcal/kg/hour BMR females: 0.9 kcal/kg/hour As we age BMR declines by ______________% per decade so we must adjust eating habits to prevent weight gain. 1-2 % Thermic effect of food (TEF) the energy used for digestion and absorption of food and accounts for approximately 10% of the calories expended. larger meals higher in protein result in a higher ________ thermic effect of food (TEF) Thermogenesis the ability to regulate temperature and activities such as fidgeting, maintaining body posture, and shivering. ( energy burned through this process is very small) Physical activity accounts for 15-40% of our energy expenditure Physical activity factors include: body size, fitness level, and actual activity to determine how many calories are expended The amount of energy used can be measured both ________________ and ___________________. directly and indirectly Direct calorimetry measures the amount of heat given off the body. An insulated chamber surrounded by a thin layer of water is used to measure the amount of heat emitted by the subject in the chamber. (used infrequently due to complexity and expense) Direct calorimetry Indirect calorimetry uses oxygen intake