BIOD 121 Module 6 Questions and Answers Already Passed

BIOD 121 Module 6 Questions and Answers Already Passed Healthy pregnancy adequate intake of vitamins and minerals healthy body weight controlling existing health conditions avoidance of teratogens Teratogens compounds that can increase the risk of a birth defect caffeine, drugs, alcohol, and tobacco. Tobacco: miscarriage, stillbirth, preterm delivery, and low birth weight infants alcohol: FAS, physical and mental disabilities and growth retardation drugs: low birth weight, preterm delivery, miscarriage, birth defects, and infant addiction. Blastogenic stage (Day 1 to 14): A period of rapid cell division Day 14: An embryo is formed. Embryonic stage (Week 2 to 8): The organ system develops. Week 5: The heart begins to beat. Week 8: The embryo is now known as a fetus. Fetal Stage (Week 9 to 40): Period of continual growth and development zygote formed from combination of egg and sperm placenta provides oxygen and nutrients from the mother's blood to the fetus and also allows for the transfer of waste from the fetus and into the mother's system for excretion first trimester exposure to toxins and inadequate nutrient intake can have an adverse effect on the fetus quality of the mother's diet is more important than the quantity second trimester development of the hands, feet, arms, and legs occurs, and the fetus begins to resemble a baby physiological changes to mom's body in order to support the pregnancy and prepare for birth. third trimester fetus will double in length and will increase weight to approximately 7 to 9 pounds. low birth weight (LBW) a birth weight of less than 5.5 pounds small for gestational age (SGA) an infant small in size, measured relative to its gestational stage calorie during pregnancy quality more important than quantity need for certain nutrients increase by 50% during pregnancy. calorie needs during the second and third trimester only increases by approximately 20%. adequate weight gain 25-35 pounds total 1-4 pounds during the first trimester and then approximately 1 pound per week during the remainder of the pregnancy. Underweight: 28 to 40 pounds Normal: 25 to 35 pounds Overweight: 15 to 25 pounds Obese: 11 to 20 pounds increased protein/carbohydrate needs Pregnant moms require an additional 25 grams protein per day above RDA inadequate carbs --> ketones, harmful to fetal brain vitamin needs Folate is needed for cell development and the synthesis of DNA. Without adequate folate, the pregnant mom may develop anemia and fetus may have neural tube defects increased mineral needs especially true of iodide, zinc, iron, and calcium. iron: required due to increased blood volume as well as to provide iron stores to the fetus. anemia --> preterm delivery, low birth weight infants, and increased risk for fetal death. Calcium: needed in the formation of the baby's teeth, bones, muscles, and heart. The fetus will rob the mom of her stores if intake is inadequate. gestational diabetes Hormones synthesized by the placenta may interfere with insulin production and blood glucose control. Women over the age of 35, those with a family history of diabetes, and women who are overweight are at risk can lead to a large baby, necessitating a C-section and increased risk of trauma at birth. preeclampsia Edema, or swelling of the tissues, occurs as well as increased blood pressure, protein in the urine, and changes in blood clotting. Left untreated, kidney failure, convulsions, and death may result. good dietary intake with additional calcium and potassium as well as limited sodium appears to help prevent this disorder. pica an abnormal craving for both food and nonfood items caused by nutrient deficiency factors influencing breastfeeding Education Social concerns Working outside the home Physical inability to nurse lobules sac-like structures in the breast