Straighterline Intro to Biology 101 Chapter 3 Already Passed

Straighterline Intro to Biology 101 Chapter 3 Already Passed Cell smallest unit of life Atom smallest unit of an element Molecule union of two or more atoms Tissue group of cells with a common structure and function Organ composed of tissue functioning together for a specific task Organ system composed of several organs working together Organism an individual Population organisms of the same species in a particular area Community interacting populations in a particular area Ecosystem a community plus the physical environment Biosphere regions of the Earth's crust, waters, and atmosphere inhabited by living organisms Energy the capacity to do work Metabolism all of the chemical reactions that occur in a cell Sun ultimate source of energy for nearly all life on Earth Photosynthesis process that transforms solar energy into the chemical energy of organic nutrient molecules Reproduction to make another organism like itself Genes genetic instructions DNA deoxyribonucleic acid - provides instructions for organization and metabolism Mutations Inheritable changes in the genetic information Provides important source of variation Behavior movement of an organism - self directed or responding to stimulus - largely directed toward minimizing injury, acquiring food, reproducing Cell Wall (composition) contains polysaccharides Cell Wall (function) Support and protection Plasma Membrane (composition) phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins Plasma Membrane (function) defines cell boundary; regulates molecule passage into and out of cells Nucleus (composition) nuclear envelope, nucleoplasm, chromatin, and nucleoli Nucleus (function) storage of genetic information; synthesis of DNA and RNA Nucleoli (composition) concentrated area of chromatin, RNA, proteins Nucleoli (function) Ribosomal subunit formation Ribosomes (composition) protein and RNA in two subunits Ribosomes (function) Protein synthesis Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) (composition) network of folded membranes studded with ribosomes Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) (function) Folding, modification, transport of protein for export or associated with membranes Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) (composition) network of folded membranes having NO ribosomes Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) (function) Lipid and carbohydrate synthesis in some cells; detoxification of chemicals Golgi apparatus (composition) Stack of membranous sacs Golgi apparatus (function) Processing, packaging, and distribution of proteins and lipids Lysosomes (animal cells only) (composition) membranous vesicle containing digestive enzymes Lysosomes (animal cells only) (function) Intracellular digestion; recycling of cellular components Vacuoles and Vesicles (composition) Membranous sacs of various sizes Vacuoles and Vesicles (function) Storage of substances Peroxisomes (composition) Membranous vesicle containing specific enzymes Peroxisomes (function) Breakdown of fatty acids and other metabolic tasks Mitochondria (composition) Inner membrane (cristae) bounded by an outer membrane Mitochondria (function) Cellular respiration Chloroplasts (plant cells & some protists) (composition) Membranous grana bounded by two membranes Chloroplasts (plant cells & some protists) (function) Photosynthesis Cytoskeleton (composition) Microtubules, intermediate filaments, actin filaments Cytoskeleton (function) Shape of cell and movement of its parts Cilia and Flagella (cilia are rare in plant cells) (composition) 9 + 2 pattern of microtubules Cilia and Flagella (cilia are rare in plant cells) (function) Movement of cell Centriole (animal cells only) (composition) 9 + 0 pattern of microtubules Centriole (animal cells only) (function) Formation of basal bodies Cell Theory All organisms are made up of cells, cells are capable of self-reproduction and come only from preexisting cells Prokaryotic Cell cells that lack a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles; the cell type within the domains Bacteria and Archaea Cytoplasm region of a cell between the nucleus, or the nucleoid region of a bacterium, and the plasma membrane; contains the organelles of a cell Capsule A form of glycocalyx that consists of a gelatinous layer; found in blue-green algae and certain bacteria Fimbria small, bristle-like fiber on the surface of a bacterial cell , which attaches bacteria to a surface Plasmids extrachromosomal ring of accessory DNA in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes - can be passed from one cell to another Thylakoid Flattened sac within a granum of a chloroplast; membrane contains chlorophyll; location where the light reactions of photosynthesis occur Archaea: Cell Wall Usually present, no peptidoglycan Bacteria: Cell Wall Usually present, with peptidoglycan Eurkaryotes: Cell Wall Sometimes present, no peptidoglycan Archaea: Plasma Membrane Yes Bacteria: Plasma Membrane Yes Eukaryotes: Plasma Membrane Yes