Jam packed life science (biology) notes

DNA AND RNA (nucleic acids)




n
Eutrophication
DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid Overuse of artificial inorganic fertilisers breaks down soil structure as organic matter (humus) is not replaced
RNA - ribonucleic acid 7 O in soil throughdecomposition. Artificial fertilisers leached out of soil by rain, washed into rivers, cause
found in nucleus pollution. Water runs off from artificially- fertilised soil, carries nitrates and phosphates into rivers, lakes
and dams. High levels of nutrients stimulate growth of aquatic plants and algae, can clog water bodies.
Plants and algae use up dissolved oxygen in water as they decompose, block light from reaching deeper water -
double stranded eutrophication. Prevents photosynthesis, affects ability of fish and other animals in water to obtain oxygen.
found in cell Everything dies.
cytoplasm stores info
and ribosomes Most NB elements needed
by living things:
single stranded
> carbon > phosphorus strong -
bones



builds proteins from aa > oxygen > potassium balance-
water

Copi > hydrogen > sulphur
> nitrogen > iron transport Oxygen
The chemistry of life
-




Jagagid
> sodium water balance > calcium strong teeth bones
Enzymes (proteins that > iodine stain a
> magnesium release of energy
·
-




act as catalysts)

fatty
/




Enable all reactions in living monosaccharide -
cells glucose respiration
substrate
product Organic compounds fructose fruit sugars
galactose milk
·ruff
r .
disaccharide
⑪
1


Carbohydrates ↑
-

- -




maltose glucose glucose
&
Lipids stores energy - insulation sucrose glucose fructose+



lactose glucose galactose
· -
Proteins cellular reactions (enzymes)
i polysaccharide -



......
-




.....
<

,
-
↑ I - -
Nucleic acids cell functioning - control starch stored energy in plants

glycogen stored energy in animals

.i :
-

,
↑

~ Vitamins NB for health - chemical cellulose plant cell walls
amino acids ai
I
-
--
~ reactions
proteins
(sensitive to temp BpH)

, CELL THEORY
cell membranes: structure function
• also called plasmalemma •enter- sugars, aa other nutrients Cell theory states the following:
• outer covering of cell • leave- waste products (excretion) • All living things consist of 1 or more cells
• made of phospholipids and proteins • secretion- hormones and enzymes, • Cells are the smallest living things (basic unit of life)
• phospholipid has a head - tail produced by cell,needed in another
• head attracts water part of body • All cells arise from pre-existing cells
• tail repels water • Cells contain inherited information for growth, development
Fluid Mosaic Model Basic cell structure: and specialized functions
• cell membrane 2- Measuring the size of cells
. molesa
Protein ⑳
-




• cytoplasm - ↑



-
-
e




"
3D
I




M
• organelles
(
/



- L

·
measured size (mm) x true length of scale line
·


cytoplasm: - measured length of scale line
• fluid substance
• fills space inside of cell membrane cells: the basic units of life
• consists mainly of water with mineral
salts, gases and organic substances Nucleus •
(glucose and proteins) dissolved in it
• used for storage and circulation control centre: O structure:
• double membrane
function:
•nuclearpores: allow substances
• round in shape
v
• middle of animal cell •
•
nucleoplasm
nucleolus in
fills nucleus
nucleoplasm
in and out of nucleus
• chromatin net work: has the
cell organelles: • side of plant cell (vacoule)
• “little organs” found in cytoplasm Mitochondria er • chromosomes-
packed tightly
folded, DNA and controls processes of
• different types the cell
• some only found in some types of cells structure: u function:
folded inner membrane
2 some cells have more of certain • inner and outer membrane
s process of respiration takes place inside


C
• outer-smooth (controls I"H granules
iM·
organelles, depending on function of cell ....


~
=


......
mitochondria during respiration

-
·
.
..




movement of substances) :

e on folds
-
-


-




-·
-
·




:
• inner-folded, granules &

&
E-


• granules contain enzymes for -
respiration of outer
membrane -




ar
tif
ic
ia
l
in
or
g
a

, cell organelles continued…
Endoplasmic reticulum
structure: function:
• double membranes that fold and form • manufactures, stores and transports carbohydrates,
membranes lipids and proteins in cell
• rough ER (ribosomes attached)
• smooth ER




-
F
↓
..
↳
--- ⑯v
Ribosomes
-I
- ~
function:
e
-
-
E
-R · -
-




-
-




-
-
structure: • helps make new proteins
=
-
-
e



-
· --
-




=
-
-
-- ·
-
D


• small granules in cytoplasm of cells • important role in growth -
·
-
-
-

• produce proteins in cytoplasm ·
-
-. .
attached to ER
-




- -
-- --




Gogli bodies
function:
·
&L I..
-
O
1 in ~(
dp
/
structure: • collect proteins and lipids from ER → pack * ↑
MI⑳
· e
e
*


• in most cells ................
·
&-

• stack of membranes
into vesicles to distrube to different parts of
-
>
I&
..
I -
=...
E
x -
- -




d
= q
cell (secreted as hormones or enzymes) - men
- =



d⑳
I .
• membranes pinch off to form i E

vesicles- contains proteins and lipids
• form lysosomes
·
-
wo
E
W ⑭: ⑳
I
·

Vesicles Lysosome
only in animal cells: only in animal cells:
• small vacuoles filled with fluid • destroy foreign material
• Control amount of and food • digest food particles
water in cytoplasm • breaks down dead cells