ESL 154 Exam Questions and Answers 100% Pass

ESL 154 Exam Questions and Answers 100% Pass Phonology -Answer-the study of speech sounds in language; how sounds are organized and used in natural languages Morphology -Answer-Units of meaning involved in word formation Syntax -Answer-Rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences Semantics -Answer-Set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning Pragmatics -Answer-Appropriate use of language in different contexts; social use of language What are two examples of critical components for the second language learner? - Answer-Oral language development and phonological/phonemic awareness ELLs need ____________________ of L2 before they can make connections between letter and sound. -Answer-Phonology ___________________ awareness instruction focuses on the sounds in spoken language. It is auditory and does not involve print. -Answer-Phonological Target Sound -Answer-Sound to be transcribed An English language learner is experiencing difficulty with an aspect of English phonology. In order to address a difficulty in this area, the student's teacher should initially focus instruction on what? -Answer-The associated target sound Phoneme -Answer-The smallest distinctive sound unit What are some best practices strategies to promote literacy development for ELLs? - Answer-Teach phonics in context Use hands on activities to help teach letter-sound relationships Have students write for sound Help students make a connection between their L1 and English. The approach of teachers making students see them writing down their exact words to reinforce their understanding of the relationship between written and oral language trains students to...? -Answer-Write for sound - they learn to represent words phonetically in their writing Content Based Instruction + 3 Models -Answer-CBI: requires students to practice language skills in a highly integrated, communicative way while learning content 3 Models: 1) theme-based - language skills are integrated in the study of themes or broad topics 2) adjunct - language and content courses are taught separately but closely coordinated 3) sheltered - English is simplified to ELL's level of proficiency while teaching content Why is combining sentences to make complex sentences an important exercise to help ESL students advance in their writing abilities? -Answer-Most of the sentences used in writing or in continuous speech are complex. Literal comprehension -Answer-Understanding of the basic facts that the student has read; grasping and interpreting text Inferential comprehension -Answer-Understanding of information that isn't explicitly given, but rather implied in a written passage. (make predictions); make inferences What are sentence stems and why are they used? -Answer-Sentence starters followed by blank lines. Provide scaffolding to help students get started in speaking or writing without the added pressure of thinking about how to correctly formulate a response. Academic language and sentence structure is difficult for ELLs. Stems help with proper sentence structure. They help build an understanding of syntactic structure Decoding -Answer-Reader's ability to use knowledge of the relationships between letters in print and the speech sounds they represent in order to identify an unfamiliar word. Word roots -Answer-Main words or parts to which prefixes and suffixes can be added Affixes -Answer-Parts added to the beginning (prefix) or end (suffix) of a root word to create new words. Alphabetic Principle -Answer-Understanding that letters and letter patterns represent the sounds of spoken words. Phonemic Awareness -Answer-Being able to identify speech sounds Example: student able to tell the difference between /b/ and /t/. NOT related to the printed symbols representing those sounds Structural Analysis -Answer-Breaking a word down by isolating its prefixes and suffixes to better identify the word Phonics -Answer-Matching the sound of letters to the printed symbols for those letters. Example: student sees the letter /t/ and knows the sound that letter makes; Non-Tonal Languages -Answer-Tone, not grammar, is used to distinguish words which would otherwise be homonyms. Pitch is used to distinguish word meaning Graphophonemic Knowledge -Answer-Recognition of letters and the understanding of sound-symbol relationships and spelling patterns; often referred to as phonics Coordinating Conjunctions (FANBOYS) -Answer-Join grammatically similar elements (2 nouns, 2 verbs, 2 modifiers, 2 independent clauses); for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so; Infinitive phrase -Answer-Phrases that begin with an infinitive. (to + simple form of the verb) Subordinate clause -Answer-Subject + Verb - cannot stand alone as a sentence because it does not provide a complete thought. Independent clause -Answer-Expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence. Has both a subject and a verb. One of the most obvious types of ______________ cue ____________ by Spanish speakers acquiring English as a second language is in the use of prepositions. It is easy for them to mix up the use of corresponding English preposition because they are not differentiated in Spanish -Answer-Forward cue transfer What is another name for prepositions? -Answer-Satellites Forward transfer -Answer-The individual may apply knowledge from their native language (L1) in the acquisition of their second langu