Regeneration RATED A+

economic activity - ANS measured by employment and output data, GDP and gross value added economic specialisation and structure - ANS places needing regeneration may increase economic specialisation or diversify economic structure characteristics of economic activity - health (measure, link) - ANS measured by morbidity, life expectancy and ill health, direct link between place, deprivation and associated lifestyles, and between health and economic sector/employment type characteristics of economic activity - health decline - ANS fewer manual jobs and air pollution, but working long hours or exposure to harmful chemicals/pollutants increased poor health characteristics of economic activity - health inequality - ANS BAME groups worse overall health (poorer socio-economic position), inner cities suffer food shortages and influx of cheap/unhealthy processed/takeaway food characteristics of economic activity - health in UK - ANS councils given responsibility for encouraging healthier lifestyles in 2013, most smokers and binge drinkers in Newcastle-upon-Tyne characteristics of economic activity - healthcare postcode lottery - ANS 2015 NHS Atlas of Variation highlighted uneven distribution of health services (particularly mental health, early cancer diagnosis and emergency care for elderly) characteristics of economic activity - life expectancy UK average - ANS male 77.2, female 81.6 characteristics of economic activity - life expectancy UK variations - ANS North East and North West below average, Kensington and Chelsea (highest earnings, £60,000/year+) life expectancy 5 years greater characteristics of economic activity - life expectancy variations explanation - ANS social factors (cultures and lifestyle choices), economic factors (individual wealth) and locational factors (access to healthcare) characteristics of economic activity - education uneven distribution (income) - ANS provision and outcomes highly unevenly distributed, often linked to income levels (Joseph Rowntree Foundation: 14% variation in individual performance due to quality of school attended) characteristics of economic activity - education Ofsted finding - ANS working-class white children in poverty lower achieving and likely to continue to underachieve (31% achieve 5+ grade A-C GCSEs at 16), characteristics of economic activity - education uneven distribution (gender) - ANS boys more likely to have low results, especially Bangladeshi, Pakistani and black African deindustrialisation of steel in North (job losses) - ANS 4 jobs lost for every steel worker redundancy (wider suffers negative multiplier effect) economic success in South - ANS generated 37% UK's growth output , 48% since 2008 (only region in England to not experience relative decline), ¼ population generate ½ economic growth Blackpool deprivation - ANS 3/5 England's most deprived places, deprivation in city centre, 29.5% child poverty (50% in some wards), 41% employees work part-time function of places - ANS role a place plays in community and surroundings, may grow, disappear, and change over time, larger areas have regional, national or global functions London administrative area vs functional area - ANS economic function wider than immediate administrative boundaries, economic footprint includes other cities in South East changing function - Robinson's paper bag factory - ANS founded in Bristol 1844, one of biggest paper bag factories in world, redeveloped and converted into 100 high-end apartments, retained original structure, won Bristol Civic Society Environmental Award 2011 physical factors explaining changing characteristics - ANS proximity to large cities and core economic zones, environmental attractiveness, technology facilitating urban sprawl (lifts allow high-rise buildings) accessibility and connectedness explaining changing characteristics - ANS access to other places by road/rail/air, greater connections generate competition for investment and visitors historical development explaining changing characteristics - ANS primary production and manufacturing declined during deindustrialisation, historic buildings can be asset for regeneration, but large areas of derelict land and residual toxic waste can also be deterrent role of national and local planning explaining changing characteristics - ANS 1990 policy increased student numbers to 50% in some areas, tight controls from 1948 to preserve newly introduced green belts, planning laws updated 2013 to streamline process (but criticised for removing careful consideration and consultation) measuring changes - ANS land-use, employment trends, demographic changes and deprivation Index of Multiple Deprivation - ANS used by central government and local authorities to target regeneration support, allocate resources and focus on deprivation hotspots Index of Multiple Deprivation LSOAs - ANS includes 32,844 lower-layer super output areas with 1500 people and 650 households Index of Multiple Deprivation ranking - ANS ranked by relative deprivation, not every person in highly deprived area is deprived, some deprived people live in highly affluent areas