BYUI BIO 265 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE GRADED A+

What are the major glands of the endocrine system? - Answer-Hypothalamus, Pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal cortex, gonads(ovaries and testes). Tropic Hormones? - Answer-Hormones that that regulate the secretion of another hormone. ex-the hypothalamus secretes tropic hormones that regulate the anterior pituitary gland. Hormone definition? - Answer-A hormone is a chemical produced by a group of specialized cells that are released into the blood in minute quantities and transported to act on target tissues. Autocrine signaling? - Answer-A cell targets itself. Signaling across gap junctions? - Answer-A cell targets a cell connected by gap junctions. Paracrine signaling? - Answer-A cell targets a near by cell. Endocrine signaling? - Answer-A cell targets a distant cell through the bloodstream. Specific receptors for hormones re located in these three areas? - Answer--on the plasma membrane -in the cytosol of the cell -in the nucleus What are three plasma membrane receptors? - Answer--G-protein-coupled receptors (majority) -receptor tyrosine kinases -receptor serine/threonine What happens when the plasma membrane receptors become activated? - Answer-The activation of the plasma membrane receptors causes a intracellular cascade that produces secondary messengers like cAMP and cGMP or IP3. These secondary messengers activate other enzymes such as phosphorylate or dephosphorylate. Adding phosphate to an enzyme is like switching on a light=activation.Nuclear and Intracellular receptors? - Answer-Nuclear receptors, once activated, stimulate transcription of carious genes resulting in the production of new proteins. (longer, slower responses) Agonists? - Answer-Drugs that bind to and stimulate a receptor.