NCE/Human Growth and Development 152 Questions and Answers New Year Update 2024 Solved 100%

NCE/Human Growth and Development Psychoanalytical Theories - ✔ ✔ Assume that biological forces drive people and that the individaul must struggle to control or channel them. Believe developmental proceeds in stages, and that personality characteristic developed i n childhood remain stable over time. Sigmund Freud - ✔ ✔ Believed biological drives (sex and aggression) were the primary motivators of human behavior. He believed that personality developed in psychosexual stages. Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital - ✔ ✔ Pleasure focuses around the mouth -birth to 10mths, Pleasure focuses around the anus and the process of elimination -1 to 3 yrs. Pleasure focuses around the genitals -3 to 5 yrs. Dormancy of sexual desires -6 to 12 yrs. Erik Erikson - ✔ ✔ A)Erikson stres ses the role of social (verses sexual) factors and his stages of development each involve a different pshychosocial crises B) Erikson places greater emphasis on the ego than on the id C) Erikson views personality development as a process that continues thr oughout the lifespan and involves an increasing "widening circle" of contacts with significant individuals, social institutions, and cultural practices Trust vs Mistrust (sensory state infancy) - ✔ ✔ Birth -2yrs, If feeding is pleasent____develops. Parents are central to social expansion of the child. Autonomy vs.Shame - ✔ ✔ 2yrs, Growing mastery of motor skills. If not allowed some independence at this stage, child may begin to feel _____and begin doubting own powers. Parents are central expansion of the child. Initiative vs. Guilt - ✔ ✔ (Locomotor or genital age)3 -5yrs, Awareness begins to extend to other people and things. Curiosity develops. Sharing with others takes place as well as role exploration, which develops______. Parents are central to social exansion of the child. Industry vs. Inferiority - ✔ ✔ (School Age) 6yrs to adolescent, Child begins learning values and skills of society. Recognition for accomplishments promotes_____.Peers are central to social expansion of child. Identity vs. Role co nfusion - ✔ ✔ (Puberty and adolescense) 12 -18yrs, process of finding out "Who am I" Failure leads to fasle sense of self. Peers are central to social expansion of the child. Intimacy vs. Isolation - ✔ ✔ (Young Adulthood) The stage at which meaningful and intimate relationships are developed. Peers are central to social expansion of the young person. Generativity vs. Stagnation - ✔ ✔ (Middle Adulthood) The ability to continue producing, reproducing and developing vs. sitting back, not growing and futhering oneself. Partners and intimate friends are central to social expansion. Integrity vs. Despair - ✔ ✔ (Older Adulthood) Those who have been successful in solving life's crises reach ego_____. They look back with a sense of achievement as opposed to feeling of______because of an imcomplete life. Mankind is central to social expansion. Jane Loevinger -Ego Development - ✔ ✔ Like Erik Erikson theory, believes that stages are important in revealing one's impulsiveness, self -protectiveness, conformity, conscientiousness, and autonomy. Jane Loevinger -Stages of Ego Development - ✔ ✔ Presocial, Symbotic, Impuls ive, Self -protective, Conformist. Learning theorists - ✔ ✔ Believe that human beings are born neither good nor bad. The prominent idea is that people do nothing more than respond to their environment. Ivan Pavlov(Classical Conditioning) Uncondtional Stim ulus - ✔ ✔ The stimulus that already evokes an uconditional response. Ex. Meat(UCS) -->salivation (UCR). Conditioned Stimulus - ✔ ✔ The stimulus is paired with unconditined stimulus in hopes that it will eventually evoke a similar response when presented a lone. Conditioned Stimulus - ✔ ✔ After several pairings the CS (Bell) will hopefully be able to evoke a conditioned response (salivation) when presented without the UCS(meat). Systematic Desensitization -Classical - ✔ ✔ Developed by Joseph Wolpe from the work of Jacobsem (anxiety/fear) (relaxation response). Based upon principles of counterconditioning. Reactive or Internal Inhibition -Classical - ✔ ✔ Flooding, anxiety evoking stimulus is presented continuously, leading to fatigue and evetual unlearning. Counterconditioning -Classical - ✔ ✔ A stronger pleasant stimulus is paired with a weaker aversive stimulus. Aversive Conditioning -Classical - ✔ ✔ An alcoholic is given antabuse, which is a drug that causes nausea when paired with alcohol. This technique i s called_____. The idea here is to pair the alcohol with an aversive, somewhat unpleasent stimulus to reduce the satisfaction of drinking it. Operant Conditioning -B.F.Skinner - ✔ ✔ A response is learned because of the consequences that follow. The organis m has to do something before it can be conditioned. B.F. Skinner -Primary Reinforcement - ✔ ✔ Reinforcement satisfies a primary need. Ex. Food. B.F.Skinner -Secondary Reinforcement - ✔ ✔ Reinforcement includes reinforcers that have somehow been associated with primary reinforcers in the past so that they acquired reinforcing qualities. Ex. Money