Introduction to Optometry (Well-enlightened)

What was the first refractive condition for which lenses were used (for magnification)? correct answers Presbyopia When and where were spectacles most likely invented? correct answers Italy in the 1270s What was a "spectakle?" How was it used? correct answers A "lens on a stick." Or a lens affixed to a holder. It permitted small print to be read. What 1400s event greatly popularized reading among the public and the use of spectacles for that purpose? correct answers Began to find widespread use after the invention of the removable type press by Gutenberg, allowing mass printing of books. How did tradesmen become responsible for widespread fabrication and sale of spectacles in Europe (starting in the middle ages)? correct answers A brewer's guild, Worshipful Company of Spectacle Makers, began grinding and fabricating them, allowing them to be made more often. During what centuries was the scientific basis for presbyopia, myopia, hyperopia and astigmatism discovered? correct answers Myopia and Presbyopia: 1623 (17th) Hyperopia: 1700s (18th) Astigmatism: 1827 (19th) What was the significance of the invention of the ophthalmoscope? correct answers Illumination, Magnification, and Portability. For the first time, practitioners could see the ocular changes that correspond to eye disease inside the eye. Who invented bifocals? correct answers Benjamin Franklin What types of eyecare providers were practicing in the US in the 1890s? correct answers Oculists, Ophthalmologists (performed exams, but did not dispense eyewear), Dispensing Opticians (eyewear based on prescription of eye physicians), and Refracting Opticians (exams and dispensed eyewear) Who was Charles Prentice? What role did he play in the "legalization" of optometry? correct answers Charles Prentice was a New York Refracting Optician who referred a patient to an ophthalmologist because of Ocular Inflammation. Created the first optical society for the state of New York. Introduced an act to regulate practice in New York. Attempted to pass a NY bill for Optometry, but failed. Took hold of government recognition of Optometry Why was legislation authorizing the practice of optometry needed in the 1890s? correct answers Claims from ophthamologists that Prentice was illegally prescribing glasses, as infringement on medicine, and ophthalmologists were attempting to prevent refraction by opticians. Prentice wanted to regulate the practice. What were optometrists in America originally called? correct answers Refracting Opticians