Brooks Biodiversity Unit 2 Exam Study Guide 2024 with complete solution
The Primary role of Fungi - Decomposers- they break things down
Modes of Nutrition in Fungi - Heterotrophs with extracellular digestion
Exoenzymes - Fungi Release these enzymes outside of the cell wall. Break down complex molecules into smaller organic molecules which can be absorbed.
Extracellular Digestion - The release of exoenzymes out side of the cell wall, followed by the absorption
of nutrients..
Saprobes - Fungi that feed on non-living/dead organisms
Symbionts - Fungus that lives with another living organism (form a symbiotic relationship)
Mutualism in Fungi - both organisms benefit, neither is harmed.
Ex: Lichens - fungi and algae (cyanobacteria)
Ex: Mycorrhizae - fungi and plant roots
Commensalism - One organism benefits, the other is unharmed
Parasitism - One organism benefits, the other is harmed
Examples of Parasitism in Fungi - Ex: Fungus as a human parasite (Athelete's Foot)
Ex: Fungus as a plant parasite
1. black stem rust on wheat
2. ergots on rye 3. strawberries with botrytis mold
4. pink ear rot of corn
Black Stem Rust - Parasitic relationship with fungus and plant. Occurs on wheat
Ergots - Parasitic relationship with fungus and plant that occurs on rye and gives hallucinogenic sensations
Botrytis Mold - Parasitic relationship with fungus and plants that occurs on strawberries
Fungi Characteristics - 1. Heterotrophic
2. Extracellular Digestion
3. Chitin-Based Cell wall
4. Most fungi are made up of filaments called Hyphae
Hyphae - filaments (long and branching) that make up the structure of a fungus
In most fungi, hyphae are the main mode of vegetative growth Hyphae are Septate or Coenocytic
Yeast - Yeast is a unicellular fungi and do not have/grow hyphae MOST FUNGI ARE MULTICELLULAR, BUT YEAST IS UNICELLULAR
Septate - You can see the cell separation because the nuclei are confined in and separated by cell walls
Think "separate"
Coenocytic - You cant see the cell separation. It is multinucleated meaning that there are multiple nuclei not separated by a cell wall
Thallus/Mycelium - collectively refers to a bunch of hyphae that together make up the body of the fungus Hyphae (smallest unit) make up the mycelium (entire fungus body)
Haustoria - The hyphal tip of a parasitic fungus that penetrates the cell of other organisms (the host)
After penetration these specialized hyphae release enzymes that break down the cell wall, thus allowing greater potential movement of organic carbon from host to fungus.
What is Fungi Most closely related to? - Fungi have cell walls and fruiting bodies, so were originally thought to be plants. However, they are most closely related to animals
Fungi Nuclei - Most fungi cells have 2 nuclei
Mitosis - Has NO prerequisite for cell division, all it needs is a nucleus. What you start with is what you end with (identical nuclei and identical DNA)
Meiosis - Cell must be a diploid (2n) Process of nuclear division which the ploidy of the parent cell is halved
3 Types of Meiosis - Zygotic - Phylum Zygomycota
Gametic - Usually in animals
Sporic - Usually in plants
Ploidy - Number of sets of chromosomes present in a nucleus
Haploid - 1 set
Diploid - 2 sets
(Humans have 23 different kinds of chromosomes in each cell and 46 chromosomes in total)
Syngamy - synthesis of the games
Composed of 2 parts:
1. Plasmogamy
2. Karygamy
The Primary role of Fungi - Decomposers- they break things down
Modes of Nutrition in Fungi - Heterotrophs with extracellular digestion
Exoenzymes - Fungi Release these enzymes outside of the cell wall. Break down complex molecules into smaller organic molecules which can be absorbed.
Extracellular Digestion - The release of exoenzymes out side of the cell wall, followed by the absorption
of nutrients..
Saprobes - Fungi that feed on non-living/dead organisms
Symbionts - Fungus that lives with another living organism (form a symbiotic relationship)
Mutualism in Fungi - both organisms benefit, neither is harmed.
Ex: Lichens - fungi and algae (cyanobacteria)
Ex: Mycorrhizae - fungi and plant roots
Commensalism - One organism benefits, the other is unharmed
Parasitism - One organism benefits, the other is harmed
Examples of Parasitism in Fungi - Ex: Fungus as a human parasite (Athelete's Foot)
Ex: Fungus as a plant parasite
1. black stem rust on wheat
2. ergots on rye 3. strawberries with botrytis mold
4. pink ear rot of corn
Black Stem Rust - Parasitic relationship with fungus and plant. Occurs on wheat
Ergots - Parasitic relationship with fungus and plant that occurs on rye and gives hallucinogenic sensations
Botrytis Mold - Parasitic relationship with fungus and plants that occurs on strawberries
Fungi Characteristics - 1. Heterotrophic
2. Extracellular Digestion
3. Chitin-Based Cell wall
4. Most fungi are made up of filaments called Hyphae
Hyphae - filaments (long and branching) that make up the structure of a fungus
In most fungi, hyphae are the main mode of vegetative growth Hyphae are Septate or Coenocytic
Yeast - Yeast is a unicellular fungi and do not have/grow hyphae MOST FUNGI ARE MULTICELLULAR, BUT YEAST IS UNICELLULAR
Septate - You can see the cell separation because the nuclei are confined in and separated by cell walls
Think "separate"
Coenocytic - You cant see the cell separation. It is multinucleated meaning that there are multiple nuclei not separated by a cell wall
Thallus/Mycelium - collectively refers to a bunch of hyphae that together make up the body of the fungus Hyphae (smallest unit) make up the mycelium (entire fungus body)
Haustoria - The hyphal tip of a parasitic fungus that penetrates the cell of other organisms (the host)
After penetration these specialized hyphae release enzymes that break down the cell wall, thus allowing greater potential movement of organic carbon from host to fungus.
What is Fungi Most closely related to? - Fungi have cell walls and fruiting bodies, so were originally thought to be plants. However, they are most closely related to animals
Fungi Nuclei - Most fungi cells have 2 nuclei
Mitosis - Has NO prerequisite for cell division, all it needs is a nucleus. What you start with is what you end with (identical nuclei and identical DNA)
Meiosis - Cell must be a diploid (2n) Process of nuclear division which the ploidy of the parent cell is halved
3 Types of Meiosis - Zygotic - Phylum Zygomycota
Gametic - Usually in animals
Sporic - Usually in plants
Ploidy - Number of sets of chromosomes present in a nucleus
Haploid - 1 set
Diploid - 2 sets
(Humans have 23 different kinds of chromosomes in each cell and 46 chromosomes in total)
Syngamy - synthesis of the games
Composed of 2 parts:
1. Plasmogamy
2. Karygamy
