PNB final exam all possible questions and answers 2024/2025 passed 100%
How does PTH help increase the calcium ion concentration of the blood?
A.) PTH decreases urine calcium output.
B.) PTH increases blood calcium levels by decreasing osteoclast activity
C.) PTH increases blood calcium levels by increasing osteoblast activity
D.) PTH increases calcium blood levels by increasing the rate of calcium uptake to osteocytes. Ans ✔✔-
PTH decreases urine calcium output.
Which of the following is classified as a loose connective tissue proper?
A.) Areolar CT
B.) Elastic CT
C.) Regular CT
D.) Compact Bone Ans ✔✔- Areolar CT
When calcium enters the cytoplasm, it can be removed by any of the following mechanisms
A.) calcium extrusion by binding to calcium binding proteins such as neurocalcin
B.) opening of calcium channels in the endoplasmatic reticulum
C.) calcium uptake to golgi cells
D.) calcium uptake to mitochondria Ans ✔✔- calcium uptake to mitochondria
When doing a handstand the stomach is ____ to the lungs:
A.) inferior
B.) dorsal
C.) superior
D.) medial Ans✔✔- inferior In the conversion of cartilage to bone, osteoblasts
A.) are freed to join the cellular components of bone marrow
B.) are responsible for driving ossification
C.) undergo metaplasia to become osteoclasts
D.) undergo neoplasia to become osteoclasts Ans ✔✔- are responsible for driving ossification
Carouso mice have difficulty maintaining balance and walk in circles. This defect has been attributed to a
sodium proton antiporter (exchanger) important in maintaining pH homeostasis in cells. Assume that sodium is more concentrated on the outside of the cell than inside. Similarly, protons are more concentrated inside the cell than outside. Suddenly, you increase the sodium concentration inside the cell to equal the concentration of sodium outside the cell. What effect will this have on the pH inside the
cell?
A.) The pH inside the cell will increase making it more acidic.
B.) The pH inside the cell will decrease making it more basic.
C.) The pH inside the cell will decrease making it more acidic.
D.) The pH inside the cell will remain the same as the proton concentration is independent of the sodium concentration. Ans ✔✔- The pH inside the cell will decrease making it more acidic.
Fick´s law of diffusion states that the rate of diffusion across a membrane is
A.) proportional to membrane thickness and surface area.
B.) proportional to the surface area and membrane thickness, but inversely proportional to concentration gradient.
C.) proportional to membrane permeability, but inversely proportional to concentration gradient.
D.) proportional to concentration gradient, surface area, and membrane permeability. Ans ✔✔- proportional to concentration gradient, surface area, and membrane permeability.
A structure composed of two or more tissues is termed:
A.) tissue system
B.) serous membrane
C.) organ
D.) complex tissue Ans ✔✔- organ In some women, the vaginal lining transforms after puberty from simple columnar to stratified squamous epithelium. This is an example of:
A.) atrophy.
B.) metaplasia.
C.) hypertrophy.
D.) neoplasia. Ans✔✔- metaplasia
During early embryonic development, cartilage grows both internally and along its periphery. These processes are known as____________, respectively:
A.) interstitial; appositional
B.) chondrogenic; osteogenic
C.) osteogenic; chondrogenic
D.) appositional; interstitial Ans ✔✔- interstitial; appositional
Recent data suggest exercise might decrease the rate of osteoporosis in elders. This would indicate that exercise
A.) decreases calcification (mineralization) of new bone matrix during bone turnover
B.) might stimulate osteoclastic activity
C.) might stimulate osteoblastic activity
D.) increases endochondral ossification Ans ✔✔- might stimulate osteoblastic activity
Which one of the following processes can only occur in a living cell
A.) Bulk filtration
B.) Osmosis
C.) Secondary active transport
D.) Diffusion Ans✔✔- secondary active transport
The subdiscipline of anatomy that examines structures without the use of any aids is
A.) gross anatomy
B.) pathologic anatomy C.) regional anatomy
D.) microscopic anatomy Ans ✔✔- gross anatomy
Microvilli are more likely to be found.
A.) in large numbers on cells that secrete hormones
B.) mostly in osteons
C.) in cells that are actively engaged in absorption
D.) on the inside of cell membranes Ans ✔✔- in cells that are actively engaged in absorption
If the applied load on a bone is at the plastic region and removed later, the bone does not return to its original configuration. This is known as
A.) anisotropy
B.) yield point
C.) hysteresis
D.) viscoelasticity Ans ✔✔- hysteresis
The Na-K-pump prevent cells from swelling. Which statement best explains the mechanism by which the
Na-K pump achieves this effect?.
A.) The Na-K-pump promote osmosis from the cytoplasm to the extracellular space because it transports
Na to K in a different ratio (3:2).
B.) The Na-K-pump promote bulk filtration from the cytoplasm to the extracellular space because it transports Na to K in 1:1 ratio.
C.) The Na-K-pump promote bulk filtration from the cytoplasm to the extracellular space because it transports Na to K in a different ratio (3:2).
D.) The Na-K-pump promote osmosis from the cytoplasm to the extracellular space because it transports
Na to K in 1:1 ratio. Ans ✔✔- The Na-K-pump promote osmosis from the cytoplasm to the extracellular space because it transports Na to K in a different ratio (3:2)
_________ is a tissue which consists of multiple layers of cuboidal cells with large spherical nuclei in the center of each, and which secrete or absorb substances from exposed surfaces
A.) simple cuboidal epithelium
B.) pseudostratified columnar epithelium
How does PTH help increase the calcium ion concentration of the blood?
A.) PTH decreases urine calcium output.
B.) PTH increases blood calcium levels by decreasing osteoclast activity
C.) PTH increases blood calcium levels by increasing osteoblast activity
D.) PTH increases calcium blood levels by increasing the rate of calcium uptake to osteocytes. Ans ✔✔-
PTH decreases urine calcium output.
Which of the following is classified as a loose connective tissue proper?
A.) Areolar CT
B.) Elastic CT
C.) Regular CT
D.) Compact Bone Ans ✔✔- Areolar CT
When calcium enters the cytoplasm, it can be removed by any of the following mechanisms
A.) calcium extrusion by binding to calcium binding proteins such as neurocalcin
B.) opening of calcium channels in the endoplasmatic reticulum
C.) calcium uptake to golgi cells
D.) calcium uptake to mitochondria Ans ✔✔- calcium uptake to mitochondria
When doing a handstand the stomach is ____ to the lungs:
A.) inferior
B.) dorsal
C.) superior
D.) medial Ans✔✔- inferior In the conversion of cartilage to bone, osteoblasts
A.) are freed to join the cellular components of bone marrow
B.) are responsible for driving ossification
C.) undergo metaplasia to become osteoclasts
D.) undergo neoplasia to become osteoclasts Ans ✔✔- are responsible for driving ossification
Carouso mice have difficulty maintaining balance and walk in circles. This defect has been attributed to a
sodium proton antiporter (exchanger) important in maintaining pH homeostasis in cells. Assume that sodium is more concentrated on the outside of the cell than inside. Similarly, protons are more concentrated inside the cell than outside. Suddenly, you increase the sodium concentration inside the cell to equal the concentration of sodium outside the cell. What effect will this have on the pH inside the
cell?
A.) The pH inside the cell will increase making it more acidic.
B.) The pH inside the cell will decrease making it more basic.
C.) The pH inside the cell will decrease making it more acidic.
D.) The pH inside the cell will remain the same as the proton concentration is independent of the sodium concentration. Ans ✔✔- The pH inside the cell will decrease making it more acidic.
Fick´s law of diffusion states that the rate of diffusion across a membrane is
A.) proportional to membrane thickness and surface area.
B.) proportional to the surface area and membrane thickness, but inversely proportional to concentration gradient.
C.) proportional to membrane permeability, but inversely proportional to concentration gradient.
D.) proportional to concentration gradient, surface area, and membrane permeability. Ans ✔✔- proportional to concentration gradient, surface area, and membrane permeability.
A structure composed of two or more tissues is termed:
A.) tissue system
B.) serous membrane
C.) organ
D.) complex tissue Ans ✔✔- organ In some women, the vaginal lining transforms after puberty from simple columnar to stratified squamous epithelium. This is an example of:
A.) atrophy.
B.) metaplasia.
C.) hypertrophy.
D.) neoplasia. Ans✔✔- metaplasia
During early embryonic development, cartilage grows both internally and along its periphery. These processes are known as____________, respectively:
A.) interstitial; appositional
B.) chondrogenic; osteogenic
C.) osteogenic; chondrogenic
D.) appositional; interstitial Ans ✔✔- interstitial; appositional
Recent data suggest exercise might decrease the rate of osteoporosis in elders. This would indicate that exercise
A.) decreases calcification (mineralization) of new bone matrix during bone turnover
B.) might stimulate osteoclastic activity
C.) might stimulate osteoblastic activity
D.) increases endochondral ossification Ans ✔✔- might stimulate osteoblastic activity
Which one of the following processes can only occur in a living cell
A.) Bulk filtration
B.) Osmosis
C.) Secondary active transport
D.) Diffusion Ans✔✔- secondary active transport
The subdiscipline of anatomy that examines structures without the use of any aids is
A.) gross anatomy
B.) pathologic anatomy C.) regional anatomy
D.) microscopic anatomy Ans ✔✔- gross anatomy
Microvilli are more likely to be found.
A.) in large numbers on cells that secrete hormones
B.) mostly in osteons
C.) in cells that are actively engaged in absorption
D.) on the inside of cell membranes Ans ✔✔- in cells that are actively engaged in absorption
If the applied load on a bone is at the plastic region and removed later, the bone does not return to its original configuration. This is known as
A.) anisotropy
B.) yield point
C.) hysteresis
D.) viscoelasticity Ans ✔✔- hysteresis
The Na-K-pump prevent cells from swelling. Which statement best explains the mechanism by which the
Na-K pump achieves this effect?.
A.) The Na-K-pump promote osmosis from the cytoplasm to the extracellular space because it transports
Na to K in a different ratio (3:2).
B.) The Na-K-pump promote bulk filtration from the cytoplasm to the extracellular space because it transports Na to K in 1:1 ratio.
C.) The Na-K-pump promote bulk filtration from the cytoplasm to the extracellular space because it transports Na to K in a different ratio (3:2).
D.) The Na-K-pump promote osmosis from the cytoplasm to the extracellular space because it transports
Na to K in 1:1 ratio. Ans ✔✔- The Na-K-pump promote osmosis from the cytoplasm to the extracellular space because it transports Na to K in a different ratio (3:2)
_________ is a tissue which consists of multiple layers of cuboidal cells with large spherical nuclei in the center of each, and which secrete or absorb substances from exposed surfaces
A.) simple cuboidal epithelium
B.) pseudostratified columnar epithelium
