Kidneys require at least ______ of cardiac output.
ANSWER>>20-25%
Reduced perfusion of a kidney activates the _____
system, which causes constriction of peripheral
arterioles. ANSWER>>renin-angiotensin-aldosterone -
calcium oxalate - ANSWER>>most common type of
kidney stone
referred pain - ANSWER>>Passage of kidney stones can
be extremely painful and may produce ______ to the
umbilicus area.
,umbilicus - ANSWER>>Referred pain from kidney stones
is seen in the ______ area.
10th - ANSWER>>Sensory innervation of the upper part
of a ureter arises from the _____ thoracic nerve root.
urinary tract infection - ANSWER>>Common clinical
manifestations of a ________ in older adults include
confusion and poorly localized abdominal discomfort.
pyelonephritis - ANSWER>>infection of one or both
upper urinary tracts, including ureter, renal pelvis, and
kidney interstitium
urinary obstruction, reflux of urine from the bladder -
ANSWER>>____ and _____ (vesicoureteral reflux) are the
most common underlying risk factors for development of
pyelonephritis.
,E. coli, Proteus, Pseudomonas - ANSWER>>What are the
three most common microorganisms associated with
acute pyelonephritis?
alkaline - ANSWER>>Urine that is acidic/alkaline on the
pH scale increases the risk of stone formation.
ammonia - ANSWER>>Microorganisms split urea into
____, which makes the urine more alkaline and therefore
increases risk of stone formation.
interstitial cystitis - ANSWER>>Painful bladder syndrome,
also termed ______, is a condition that includes
nonbacterial infectious cystitis and noninfectious cystitis.
autoimmune - ANSWER>>The exact cause of painful
bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis (PBS/IC) is
unknown, but a(n) ______ reaction may be responsible
for the inflammatory response, which includes mast cell
, activation, altered epithelial permeability,
neuroinflammation, and increased sensory nerve
sensitivity.
nonbacterial - ANSWER>>_______ infectious cystitis
includes viral, mycobacterial, chlamydial, and fungal
causes of the condition.
noninfectious - ANSWER>>_____ cystitis includes
radiation, chemical, autoimmune, and hypersensitivity
causes of the condition.
urine culture, urinalysis - ANSWER>>Diagnosing cystitis
from pyelonephritis is done by these two lab tests: _____
and ______, as well as the clinical signs and symtpoms.
white blood cell - ANSWER>>_______ casts indicate a
diagnosis of pyelonephritis, rather than cystitis. However,
these are not always present.
ANSWER>>20-25%
Reduced perfusion of a kidney activates the _____
system, which causes constriction of peripheral
arterioles. ANSWER>>renin-angiotensin-aldosterone -
calcium oxalate - ANSWER>>most common type of
kidney stone
referred pain - ANSWER>>Passage of kidney stones can
be extremely painful and may produce ______ to the
umbilicus area.
,umbilicus - ANSWER>>Referred pain from kidney stones
is seen in the ______ area.
10th - ANSWER>>Sensory innervation of the upper part
of a ureter arises from the _____ thoracic nerve root.
urinary tract infection - ANSWER>>Common clinical
manifestations of a ________ in older adults include
confusion and poorly localized abdominal discomfort.
pyelonephritis - ANSWER>>infection of one or both
upper urinary tracts, including ureter, renal pelvis, and
kidney interstitium
urinary obstruction, reflux of urine from the bladder -
ANSWER>>____ and _____ (vesicoureteral reflux) are the
most common underlying risk factors for development of
pyelonephritis.
,E. coli, Proteus, Pseudomonas - ANSWER>>What are the
three most common microorganisms associated with
acute pyelonephritis?
alkaline - ANSWER>>Urine that is acidic/alkaline on the
pH scale increases the risk of stone formation.
ammonia - ANSWER>>Microorganisms split urea into
____, which makes the urine more alkaline and therefore
increases risk of stone formation.
interstitial cystitis - ANSWER>>Painful bladder syndrome,
also termed ______, is a condition that includes
nonbacterial infectious cystitis and noninfectious cystitis.
autoimmune - ANSWER>>The exact cause of painful
bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis (PBS/IC) is
unknown, but a(n) ______ reaction may be responsible
for the inflammatory response, which includes mast cell
, activation, altered epithelial permeability,
neuroinflammation, and increased sensory nerve
sensitivity.
nonbacterial - ANSWER>>_______ infectious cystitis
includes viral, mycobacterial, chlamydial, and fungal
causes of the condition.
noninfectious - ANSWER>>_____ cystitis includes
radiation, chemical, autoimmune, and hypersensitivity
causes of the condition.
urine culture, urinalysis - ANSWER>>Diagnosing cystitis
from pyelonephritis is done by these two lab tests: _____
and ______, as well as the clinical signs and symtpoms.
white blood cell - ANSWER>>_______ casts indicate a
diagnosis of pyelonephritis, rather than cystitis. However,
these are not always present.
