Path 854 Exam 2 Questions With Complete Solutions.

Path 854 Exam 2 Questions With Complete Solutions. A group of risk factors that raise a persons risk for diabetes and vascular diseases (MI, stroke) is called metabolic syndrome The diagnosis of metabolic syndrome- large ______line/ abdonminal ________, elevated __________, ________ HDL cholesterol, __________ BP and fasting BG waist, obesity, triglycerides, low, elevated Insulin stimulates that liver to store glucose as glycogen When glucose metabolism is altered you have pre diabetes/diabetes Insulin resistance and insulin deficiency cause a altered glucose metabolism T1DM relationship with insulin absolute deficiency T2DM relationship with insulin resistance T1DM is caused by autoimmune destruction of beta cells Factors leading to T1DM (3) genetics, illness, environment TIDM is also called juvenile diabetes Which type of diabetes is the most common? Type 2 T2DM is caused by progressive loss of beta cell insulin secretion Factors leading to T2DM (4) obesity, HTN, low HDL, high triglycerides What trimester does gestational diabetes develop? 2 or 3 GDM treatment (3) nutrition therapy, physical activity, weight management Diabetes can be diagnosed by a fasting plasma glucose greater than 126 mg/dL Diabetes can be diagnosed by an A1c greater than 6.5% Diabetes can be diagnosed by a 2 hour plasma glucose greater than 200 mg/DL A1c is also called the _______________ test glaciated hemoglobin What is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in diabetes? ASCVD What is the #1 cause of blindness in adults 20-74 retinopathy CKD occurs in _________% of diabetics and is the leading cause of _________ renal disease in diabetics 20-40%, end-stage What measures the amount of glucose attached to hemoglobin A1c How long is a RBC lifespan? 3 months Prediabetes is also called impaired fasting glucose What are the 3 "poly" symptoms of diabetes? polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia Other common symptoms of diabetes are- fatigue, poor ________, frequent _______, vaginal yeast ________, blurred _________, weight ________, pain or numbness in ______ healing, infections, infections, vision, loss, feet hypoglycemia is a BG less than 70 mg/dL What are the 8 main symptoms of hypoglycemia? (S,S,D,C,H,W,H,N) shaky, sweaty, dizzy, confusion, hungry, weak, headache, nervous What occurs when a person is insulin deficient and glucose isn't being used so the liver breaks down fat producing ketones diabetic ketoacidosis A sign of ketoacidosis is fruity breath What are the 3 types of endocrine disorders? (hormone) excess, deficiency, resistance A primary endocrine disorder is an abnormality in the gland A secondary endocrine disorder is an abnormality in stimulation from the pituitary A tertiary endocrine disorder is an abnormality in stimulation from the hypothalamus What are the endocrine axes? hypothalamic hormones and pituitary hormones 3 endocrine axes- hypothalamic-pituitary __________ adrenal, thyroid, gonadal TRH, CRH, GnRH, GHRH are what type of hormones hypothalamic GH, FSH/LH, TSH, ACTH are what type of hormones pituitary T4 is inactive until converted into T3 in the tissues what type of feedback do T3 and T4 exert on the hypothalamus and pituitary? negative feedback Thyroid hormone is stimulated by TRH (thyrotropin releasing hormone) TRH can be influenced by (3) sleep, stress, and temp Inc metabolic rate, neural development, cardio/GI functions, and neuromuscular effects are major actions of... thyroid hormone Are goiters a sign of hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism? both Thyroid release is ___% of T3 and __% of T4 10%, 90% Actions of the thyroid hormone- promote ________ development, increase _______, and _______ synthesis neural, metabolism, protein congenital hypothyroidism is _________ and can be which type of an endocrine disorder? genetic, primary or secondary Acquired hypothyroidism is usually what type of endocrine disorder? primary Two types of acquired hypothyroidism Hashimoto thyroiditis and thyroidectomy What is the collection of mucopolysaccharide-protein complexes & water in the ECF (causing improper flow of PRO and fluid accumulation)? Myxedema What is caused by an altered mental state caused by cardiovascular collapse? myxedema coma musc weakness, brittle hair, AMS, GI atrophy, constipation, and pallor skin are examples of hypometabolism Two types of hyperthyroidism graves disease and thyroid tumors An autoimmune disorder that overstimulates the thyroid gland Graves disease fine hair, sweating, tachycardia, weight loss are symptoms of hypermetabolism epinephrine and norepinephrine are secreted by adrenal medulla cortisol, corticosterone, aldosterone, and sex hormones are secreted by adrenal cortex The adrenal glands are located on top of the kidneys The adrenal glands function is to secrete stress hormones What is caused when all layers of the adrenal cortex are destroyed? Addison's disease Dark pigmentation, dehydration, weakness, fatigue, and weight loss are symptoms of Addison's disease How is Addison's disease treated? lifelong hormone replacement What is caused when there is a pituitary gland tumor (ACTH excess) or adrenal tumor? Cushing's Syndrome Muscle atrophy, decreased bone density, kyphosis, and easy bruising are symptoms of Cushing's Syndrome How is Cushing's syndrome treated? long-term anti-inflammatory therapy Osteoporosis is caused by decreased bone density Estrogen, TH, cortisol, and Ca++ influence bone density Paget's disease is the resorption and reformation of bone at an increased rate Median nerve compression at the wrist causes carpal tunnel Dietary intake, physical activity, and sedentary behavior are risk factors for pediatric obesity Children should have how many minutes of aerobic activity 60 germs transfer through touch in which route of transmission? contact germs travel through coughs/sneezes in which route of transmission? droplet germs are aerosolized in tiny particles and travels in which route of transmission? airborne germs travel through a skin puncture in which route of transmission? blood borne Hand hygiene, PPE, respiratory etiquette, and disinfecting are examples of standard precautions What happens if a nerve is cut, compressed, inflamed, stretched, diseased, starved, suffocated, or poisoned peripheral neuropathy Describe the progression of PN slow, can be reversible, and worsens over time What type of PN is caused by a compressed nerve, decreased BF, and distortion of the myelin sheath? Repetitive Strain/ Stress /Pressure /Compression What type of PN is caused by nerve laceration, stretch, or traction? Trauma-mechanical/ penetrating injury PN What type of PN is caused by exposure to chemical agents? Toxicity/ Neurotoxicity PN