BCPS Exam – Questions & Complete Correct Answers
Unpaired T-test ✔️Ans - Continuous data
2 independent samples
Paired T-test ✔️Ans - Continuous data
2 paired samples
ANOVA ✔️Ans - Continuous outcome data
Categorical exposure data
3+ independent variables
ANCOVA ✔️Ans - Continuous outcome data
Categorical exposure data
3+ independent variables
Controls for covariates
Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test (Mann-Whitney U Test) ✔️Ans - Ordinal data
2 independent samples
Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test ✔️Ans - Ordinal data
2 paired samples
Chi Squared Test ✔️Ans - Categorical data
2 independent samples
Values >5
Fisher's Exact Test ✔️Ans - Categorical data
2 independent samples
Values <5
McNemar Test ✔️Ans - Categorical data
2 paired samples
Kruskal-Wallis Test ✔️Ans - Ordinal data
3+ independent samples
Mantel-Haenszel Test ✔️Ans - Categorical data
,Controls for confounders
What decreases power? ✔️Ans - Low sample size
Incorrect study design
Incorrect statistical test
Kendall Rank Correlation ✔️Ans - Ordinal variables
Pearson Product Moment Correlation ✔️Ans - Normally distributed
continuous variables
Spearman Rank Order Correlation ✔️Ans - Ordinal or non-normally
distributed continuous data
Linear Regression ✔️Ans - One continuous independent (exposure)
variable
2+ continuous dependent (outcome) variables
Simple Logistic Regression ✔️Ans - 2+ categorical or continuous
independent variables
One categorical dependent variable
Non-valvular AF ✔️Ans - AF in the absence of moderate or severe
mitral stenosis, mitral valve repair, or mechanical heart valves
CHADS2 vs CHADS2VASc ✔️Ans - CHADS2 = CHF, HTN, Age 75+, DM,
stroke (2)
CHADS2VASc = CHF, HTN, Age 75+ (2), DM, stroke (2), vascular disease, Age
65-74, female
OAC indicated for score 2+ in men and 3+ in women
When to cardiovert AF ✔️Ans - AF >48h, anticoagulate for at least 3
weeks before cardioversion and at least 4 weeks after cardioversion
regardless of CHADS2VASc score
May utilize a TEE to visualize the atria to skip the anticoagulation prior to
cardioversion
,HASBLED ✔️Ans - HTN (>160)
Abnormal renal (SCr >2.26, dialysis)
Abnormal liver (3x ULN)
Stroke (hx)
Bleed (hx or tendency)
Labile INR
Elder (>65)
Antiplatelets/NSAIDs
EtOH >8drink/wk
≥3 high risk
Warfarin ✔️Ans - MOA: Inhibits vitamin K epoxide reductase,
preventing production of clotting factors 2 (72h), 7 (6h), 9 (24h), 10 (36h)
and inhibits activation of protein C and S
S-warfarin is 5x more potent than R-warfarin
Antibiotics reduce vitamin K synthesis by the intestinal flora
Warfarin clearance affected by amiodarone, propafenone, cimetidine
Enzyme inducers ✔️Ans - phenytoin
phenobarbital
carbamazepine
rifampin
St. John's Wort
Enzyme inhibitors ✔️Ans - fluconazole
azithromycin
Bactrim
Flagyl
amiodarone
Dabigatran for AF ✔️Ans - 150mg twice daily
75mg twice daily for CrCl 15-30 or CrCl 30-50 with ketoconazole or
dronedarone
, Avoid with CrCl <15, dialysis, rifampin, CrCl 15-30 with amiodarone,
verapamil, ketoconazole, dronedarone, diltiazem, clarithromycin
Bleeding, dyspepsia, cannot use pillbox
To warfarin: Overlap by 3 days (CrCl >50), 2 days (CrCl 31-50), or 1 day
(CrCl 15-30)
From warfarin: INR <2
Rivaroxaban for AF ✔️Ans - 20mg daily with meals
15mg daily with meals for CrCl 15-50 or dialysis
Avoid with rifampin, phenytoin, carbamazepine, St. John's Wort, protease
inhibitors, azoles, conivaptan
To warfarin: Bridge with parenteral anticoagulant
From warfarin: INR <3
Apixaban for AF ✔️Ans - 5mg twice daily
2.5mg twice daily for at least 2 of age 80+, weight <60, or SCr 1.5+ (or
dialysis per package insert)
Avoid with rifampin, phenytoin, carbamazepine, St. John's Wort, protease
inhibitors, azoles, conivaptan
To warfarin: Bridge with parenteral anticoagulant
From warfarin: INR <2
Edoxaban for AF ✔️Ans - 60mg once daily
30mg once daily for CrCl 15-50, weight <60kg, verapamil, dronedarone,
quinidine
Avoid CrCl >95, CrCl <15, dialysis, rifampin
To warfarin: Bridge with parenteral anticoagulant or reduce edoxaban dose
by 50% until INR >2
Unpaired T-test ✔️Ans - Continuous data
2 independent samples
Paired T-test ✔️Ans - Continuous data
2 paired samples
ANOVA ✔️Ans - Continuous outcome data
Categorical exposure data
3+ independent variables
ANCOVA ✔️Ans - Continuous outcome data
Categorical exposure data
3+ independent variables
Controls for covariates
Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test (Mann-Whitney U Test) ✔️Ans - Ordinal data
2 independent samples
Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test ✔️Ans - Ordinal data
2 paired samples
Chi Squared Test ✔️Ans - Categorical data
2 independent samples
Values >5
Fisher's Exact Test ✔️Ans - Categorical data
2 independent samples
Values <5
McNemar Test ✔️Ans - Categorical data
2 paired samples
Kruskal-Wallis Test ✔️Ans - Ordinal data
3+ independent samples
Mantel-Haenszel Test ✔️Ans - Categorical data
,Controls for confounders
What decreases power? ✔️Ans - Low sample size
Incorrect study design
Incorrect statistical test
Kendall Rank Correlation ✔️Ans - Ordinal variables
Pearson Product Moment Correlation ✔️Ans - Normally distributed
continuous variables
Spearman Rank Order Correlation ✔️Ans - Ordinal or non-normally
distributed continuous data
Linear Regression ✔️Ans - One continuous independent (exposure)
variable
2+ continuous dependent (outcome) variables
Simple Logistic Regression ✔️Ans - 2+ categorical or continuous
independent variables
One categorical dependent variable
Non-valvular AF ✔️Ans - AF in the absence of moderate or severe
mitral stenosis, mitral valve repair, or mechanical heart valves
CHADS2 vs CHADS2VASc ✔️Ans - CHADS2 = CHF, HTN, Age 75+, DM,
stroke (2)
CHADS2VASc = CHF, HTN, Age 75+ (2), DM, stroke (2), vascular disease, Age
65-74, female
OAC indicated for score 2+ in men and 3+ in women
When to cardiovert AF ✔️Ans - AF >48h, anticoagulate for at least 3
weeks before cardioversion and at least 4 weeks after cardioversion
regardless of CHADS2VASc score
May utilize a TEE to visualize the atria to skip the anticoagulation prior to
cardioversion
,HASBLED ✔️Ans - HTN (>160)
Abnormal renal (SCr >2.26, dialysis)
Abnormal liver (3x ULN)
Stroke (hx)
Bleed (hx or tendency)
Labile INR
Elder (>65)
Antiplatelets/NSAIDs
EtOH >8drink/wk
≥3 high risk
Warfarin ✔️Ans - MOA: Inhibits vitamin K epoxide reductase,
preventing production of clotting factors 2 (72h), 7 (6h), 9 (24h), 10 (36h)
and inhibits activation of protein C and S
S-warfarin is 5x more potent than R-warfarin
Antibiotics reduce vitamin K synthesis by the intestinal flora
Warfarin clearance affected by amiodarone, propafenone, cimetidine
Enzyme inducers ✔️Ans - phenytoin
phenobarbital
carbamazepine
rifampin
St. John's Wort
Enzyme inhibitors ✔️Ans - fluconazole
azithromycin
Bactrim
Flagyl
amiodarone
Dabigatran for AF ✔️Ans - 150mg twice daily
75mg twice daily for CrCl 15-30 or CrCl 30-50 with ketoconazole or
dronedarone
, Avoid with CrCl <15, dialysis, rifampin, CrCl 15-30 with amiodarone,
verapamil, ketoconazole, dronedarone, diltiazem, clarithromycin
Bleeding, dyspepsia, cannot use pillbox
To warfarin: Overlap by 3 days (CrCl >50), 2 days (CrCl 31-50), or 1 day
(CrCl 15-30)
From warfarin: INR <2
Rivaroxaban for AF ✔️Ans - 20mg daily with meals
15mg daily with meals for CrCl 15-50 or dialysis
Avoid with rifampin, phenytoin, carbamazepine, St. John's Wort, protease
inhibitors, azoles, conivaptan
To warfarin: Bridge with parenteral anticoagulant
From warfarin: INR <3
Apixaban for AF ✔️Ans - 5mg twice daily
2.5mg twice daily for at least 2 of age 80+, weight <60, or SCr 1.5+ (or
dialysis per package insert)
Avoid with rifampin, phenytoin, carbamazepine, St. John's Wort, protease
inhibitors, azoles, conivaptan
To warfarin: Bridge with parenteral anticoagulant
From warfarin: INR <2
Edoxaban for AF ✔️Ans - 60mg once daily
30mg once daily for CrCl 15-50, weight <60kg, verapamil, dronedarone,
quinidine
Avoid CrCl >95, CrCl <15, dialysis, rifampin
To warfarin: Bridge with parenteral anticoagulant or reduce edoxaban dose
by 50% until INR >2
